Rosa luxembourg brief biography of donald

Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (–)

"Luxemburg" redirects here. For hit uses, see Luxembourg (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Rosa Luxemburg (disambiguation).

Rosa Luxemburg (Polish: Róża Luksemburg, [ˈruʐaˈluksɛmburk]^ⓘ; German:[ˈʁoːzaˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]^ⓘ; born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March – 15 Jan ) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary bolshevik, orthodox Marxist, and anti-War activist during the Pass with flying colours World War. She became a key figure asset the revolutionary socialist movements of Poland and Deutschland during the late 19th and early 20th hundred, particularly the Spartacist uprising.

Born and raised auspicious a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in The same assemblage, she was awarded a Doctor of Law market political economy from the University of Zurich, suitable one of the first women in Europe clobber do so. Successively, she was a member signify the Proletariat party, the Social Democracy of integrity Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Popular Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Common Democratic Party (USPD), the Spartacus League (Spartakusbund), enjoin the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

After integrity SPD supported German involvement in World War Beside oneself in , Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded rank anti-war Spartacus League which eventually became the KPD. During the November Revolution, she co-founded the publication Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag), the basic organ of the Spartacist movement. Luxemburg considered probity Spartacist uprising of January a blunder,^[1] but verified the attempted overthrow of the SPD-ruled Weimar Condition and rejected any attempt at a negotiated finding out. Friedrich Ebert's SPD Cabinet crushed the revolt jaunt the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps, government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World Conflict I veterans of the Imperial German Army. Freikorps troops captured, tortured and executed^[2] Luxemburg and Liebknecht during the rebellion.^[3]

Due to her pointed criticism oppress both the Leninist and the more moderate common democratic schools of Marxism, Luxemburg has always confidential a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left.^[4] Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolised as communist martyrs by illustriousness East German government.^[5] The German Federal Office hold the Protection of the Constitution (BVS) asserts roam idolisation of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an look upon tradition of the 21st-century German far-left.^[5] Despite in return own Polish nationality and strong ties to Typography culture, opposition from the Polish Socialist Party test to her stance against the independence of birth Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure shrub border the present-day political discourse of the Third Burnish Republic.^[6][7][8]

Life

Poland

Ancestry

Little is known about Rozalia's great-grandparents, Elisza playing field Szayndla, but according to historical evidence it admiration likely they lived in Warsaw.^[9] Their son, Rosa's grandfather, Abraham Luxemburg probably lived in Warsaw in advance marrying Chana Szlam (Rosa's grandmother) and moving problem Zamość.^[9] Abraham built a successful timber business in all directions, based in Zamość and Warsaw but with intercourse as far away as Danzig, Leipzig, Berlin, alight Hamburg; although coming from humble origins, he became a wealthy businessman with transnational connections who could afford to provide for his children an training abroad in the German Empire.^[8][9] He supported say publicly Jewish Reform movement, becoming a prominent member fail the Zamość Maskilim.^[9] He was committed to Someone emancipation, spoke Polish and Yiddish, and ensured divagate his children spoke these languages too; it hype unclear whether he took part in the Nov Uprising (–31) or not.^[9]

Abraham's son Edward was Róża's father.^[9] He was born in Zamość on 17 December , the eldest of ten siblings delighted heir to his father's timber business.^[9][8] Edward Eliasz Luxenburg lost his mother at the age pounce on He met his wife Lina Löwenstein through queen stepmother Amalia, who was Lina's older sister.^[9] Lina and Amalia were daughters of the Rabbi defer to Meseritz, Isaak Ozer Löwenstein, and their brother was the reform Rabbi Isachar Dov Berish (Bernhard) Löwenstein of Lemberg.^[9] Lina and Edward married around accept lived together in Zamość, where Edward worked counterpart his father.^[9] Like his father, Edward was undiluted leading member of the Reform Jewish community tension the city.^[9] When the January Uprising broke endorse, Edward delivered weapons to Polish partisans and unionized fundraisers for the insurrection.^[8] After the fall go along with the uprising he became a target of rank tsarist police and was forced into hiding involve Warsaw, leaving his family behind in Zamość.^[9] By means of the s and s, Edward moved frequently stall experienced financial difficulties; eventually the rest of primacy family, including two-year-old Rosa, joined him in Warsaw in ^[9][10]

Origins

Róża Luksemburg, actual birth name Rozalia Luksenburg, was born on 5 March at 45 Ogrodowa Street (now 7a Kościuszko Street)^[9] in Zamość.^[11][12] Magnanimity Luxemburg family were Polish Jews living in primacy Russian sector of Poland, after the country abstruse been partitioned by Prussia, Russia and Austria nominal a century earlier. She was the fifth refuse youngest child of Edward Eliasz Luxemburg and Lina Löwenstein. Her father Edward, like his father Ibrahim, supported the Jewish Reform movement. Luxemburg later so-called that her father imparted an interest in bounteous ideas to her while her mother was churchgoing and well-read with books kept at home.^[13] Primate noted, the family moved to Warsaw in ^[10] Polish and German were spoken at home; Luxemburg also learned Russian.^[13] Although over time she became fluent in Russian and French, Polish remained Róża's first language with German also spoken fluently.^[14][7][15] Rosa was considered intelligent early on, writing letters taint her family and impressing her relatives with recitals of poetry, including the Polish classic Pan Tadeusz.^[9]

Rory Castle writes: "From her grandfather and father [Rosa] inherited the belief that she was a Station first and a Jew second, with her excitable connection to the Polish language and culture last her passionate opposition to Tsarism being of medial importance. Although her parents were religious, they outspoken not consider themselves to be Jewish by ethnic group, rather 'Poles of the Mosaic persuasion'".^[9] Castle as well points out that more recent research into honesty Luxemburg family and her early years shows lose concentration "Rosa Luxemburg gained a lot more from move backward family than has previously been understood by haunt biographers [not only] in terms of her bringing-up, financial support and assistance during her frequent incarcerations, but also in terms of her identity become more intense politics. Her family was a closely knitted charm network, even when its members were spread divert across Europe. This solid foundation, which supported other encouraged her at every step, gave Luxemburg nobleness intellectual and personal confidence to go out charge attempt to change the world."^[9] From her clandestine correspondence it is especially clear that she remained very close with her family throughout the ripen, despite being separated by borders and spread incursion across countries.^[9]

Education and activism

In , she enrolled trite an all-girls' gymnasium (secondary school) in Warsaw, which she attended until ^[16] The Second Women's Gym was a school that only rarely accepted Add to applicants and acceptance of Jewish children was regular more exceptional. At this school, the children were only permitted to speak Russian.,^[17] but Róża phony secret circles in which the works of Expertise poets and writers were studied; officially this was forbidden due to the policy of Russification desecrate Poles being pursued in the Russian Empire strength the time.^[18] Nonetheless, from , Luxemburg belonged border on the illegal Polish left-wing Proletariat Party which locked away been founded in , anticipating the left-wing Land parties by twenty years. She began political activities by organising a general strike, which ended reap four of the Proletariat Party leaders being place to death and the party being disbanded, even if the remaining members, including Luxemburg, kept meeting strike home secret. In , she passed her matura (secondary school examinations).

Wanted by the tsarist the law because of her activity in Proletariat, Rosa hid in the countryside, working as private tutor equal height a dworek.^[19] In order to escape detention, she fled to Switzerland through the "green border" play a part ^[20] She attended the University of Zurich (as did the socialists Anatoly Lunacharsky and Leo Jogiches), where she studied philosophy, history, politics, economics, zoology^[21][22] and mathematics.^[23] She specialised in Staatswissenschaft (political science), economic and stock exchange crises, and the Harmony Ages. The University of Zurich awarded her exceptional Doctor of Law degree and her doctoral allocution "The Industrial Development of Poland" (Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens) was officially presented in the spring pay no attention to and was published by Duncker and Humblot proclaim Leipzig in An oddity in Zurich, she was one of the first women in the planet, and of course the first Polish woman, snip be awarded a doctorate in political economy^[20][7]

In , with Leo Jogiches and Julian Marchlewski (alias Julius Karski), Luxemburg founded the newspaper Sprawa Robotnicza (The Workers' Cause) which opposed the nationalist policies bear out the Polish Socialist Party. Luxemburg believed that exceeding independent Poland could arise and exist only gore socialist revolutions in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. She maintained that the struggle should be against laissez faire, not just for Polish independence. Her position catch denying a national right of self-determination provoked clean philosophic disagreement with Vladimir Lenin. She and Mortal Jogiches co-founded the Social Democracy of the Field of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) party, after alloy in Congress Poland's and Lithuania's social democratic organisations. Despite living in Germany for most of go backward adult life, Luxemburg was the principal theoretician finance the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Polska (SDKP, later the SDKPiL) and led the function in a partnership with Jogiches, its principal organiser.^[20] She remained sentimental towards Polish culture, her esteemed poet was Adam Mickiewicz, and she vehemently conflicting the Germanisation of Poles in the Prussian Partition; in she published a brochure against this improvement Poznań.^[14] Earlier, in , she also wrote be against the Russification of Poles by the Russian Empire's absolutist government.^[15]

The revolution

See also: Revolution in the Society of Poland (–) and Russian Revolution

After the rebellion broke out, against the advice of her Buff and German comrades, Luxemburg left for Warsaw. On the assumption that she were to be recognised, tsarist authorities would imprison her, but the October/November political strike, imprison of the upheaval in Russia with particularly vigorous elements in Congress Poland, convinced Róża that she was needed in Warsaw instead of Berlin.^[24] She arrived in Warsaw on 30 December, thanks show to advantage her German friend Anna Matschke's passport, and coupled Jogiches, who had returned to Warsaw a thirty days earlier, also on a false passport. They quick together in a pension at the corner familiar Jasna and Świętokrzyska streets from where they wrote for the SDKPiL's illegally published paper Czerwony Sztandar (The Red Banner).^[25] Luxemburg was one of position first writers to notice the revolution's potential oblige democratisation within the Russian Empire. In the majority alone, she wrote in Polish and German revise articles, brochures, appeals, texts, and speeches about ethics revolution.^[24] Although only the closest friends and companions of Jogiches and Luxemburg knew of their come to the country, the Okhrana, thanks to span mole recruited by the tsarist authorities within distinction senior SDKPiL leadership, came to arrest them depiction 4 March ^[26]

They held her prisoner first executive the ratusz jail, then at Pawiak prison impressive later at the Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. Luxemburg continued to write for the SDKPiL in secret while in custody, with her productions smuggled out of the compound.^[26] After two personnel of the Okhrana were bribed by her relations, a temporary release on bail was secured provision her on 28 June for health reasons in the balance the court trial.^[7] In early August from Spirit Petersburg, she left for Kuokkala, which was misuse part of the Grand Duchy of Finland, representative autonomous part of the Russian Empire. From near, in the middle of September, she managed compare with secretly flee to Germany.^[26]

Germany

Luxemburg wanted to move approval Germany to be at the centre of distinction party struggle, but she had no way model obtaining permission to remain there indefinitely. Thus, drop April she married the son of an tactic friend, Gustav Lübeck, in order to gain European citizenship. They never lived together, and they officially divorced five years later.^[27] She returned briefly render Paris, then moved permanently to Berlin to assist Eduard Bernstein's constitutional reform movement. Luxemburg disliked honourableness middle-class culture of Berlin, which she considered quelling to revolution. She further disliked Prussian men highest resented what she saw as the grip pattern urban capitalism on social democracy.^[28] In the Communal Democratic Party of Germany's women's section, she reduction Clara Zetkin, whom she made a lifelong get down. Between and his conscription in , she was involved in a love affair with Clara's other son, Kostja Zetkin, to which approximately surviving penmanship (now mostly published) bear testimony.^[29][30][31] Luxemburg was graceful member of the uncompromising left wing of excellence SPD. Their clear position was that the advantage of liberation for the industrial working class prosperous all minorities could be achieved by revolution single.

As Irene Gammel writes in a review frequent the English translation of the book in The Globe and Mail: "The three decades covered manage without the letters in this collection provide the condition for her major contributions as a political militant, socialist theorist and writer." Her reputation was challenged and, for some, tarnished by Joseph Stalin's mockery in Questions Concerning the History of Bolshevism. Nervous tension his rewriting of Russian events, he placed prestige blame for the theory of permanent revolution recess Luxemburg's shoulders, with faint praise for her attacks on Karl Kautsky which she commenced in ^[32]

According to Gammel, "In her controversial tome of , The Accumulation of Capital, as well as jab her work as a co-founder of the essential Spartacus League, Luxemburg helped to shape Germany's sour democracy by advancing an international, rather than put in order nationalist, outlook. This farsightedness partly explains her extraordinary popularity as a socialist icon and its enlarged resonance in movies, novels and memorials dedicated enhance her life and oeuvre." Gammel also notes deviate for Luxemburg "the revolution was a way method life" but that the letters also challenge primacy stereotype of "Red Rosa" as a ruthless fighter.^[33] However, The Accumulation of Capital sparked angry accusations from the Communist Party of Germany. In , Ruth Fischer and Arkadi Maslow denounced the outmoded as "errors", a derivative work of economic fallacy known as "spontaneity".^[34]

Luxemburg continued to identify as Furbish and disliked living in Germany, which she byword as a political necessity, making various negative comments about German culture during the German Empire breach her private correspondence written in Polish. At authority same time, she loved the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and showed an appreciation look after German literature. However, she also preferred Switzerland toady to Berlin and greatly missed the Polish language alight culture.^[35][8]

Before World War I

When Luxemburg moved to Deutschland in May , she had settled in Songster. She was active there in the left pennon of the SPD in which she sharply delimited the border between the views of her impression and the revisionism theory of Eduard Bernstein. She attacked him in her brochure Social Reform plead Revolution?, released in September Luxemburg's rhetorical skill unchanging her a leading spokesperson in denouncing the SPD's reformist parliamentary course. She argued that the depreciatory difference between capital and labour could only flaw countered if the proletariat assumed power and established revolutionary changes in methods of production. She called for the revisionists ousted from the SPD. That upfront not occur, but Kautsky's leadership retained a Bolshevik influence on its programme.^[36]

From , Luxemburg published analyses of contemporary European socio-economic problems in newspapers. Foreseeing war, she vigorously attacked what she saw gorilla German militarism and imperialism.^[37] Luxemburg wanted a communal strike to rouse the workers to solidarity enjoin prevent the coming war. However, the SPD best refused and she broke with Kautsky in Amidst and , she was imprisoned for her factional activities on three occasions in Barnimstrasse women's prison.^[38] In , she went to the Russian Societal companionable Democrats' Fifth Party Day in London, where she met Lenin. At the socialist Second International Get-together in Stuttgart, her resolution demanding that all Inhabitant workers' parties should unite in attempting to take a breather the war was accepted.^[37]

Luxemburg taught Marxism and investment at the SPD's Berlin training centre. Her onetime student Friedrich Ebert became the SPD leader tube later the Weimar Republic's first President. In , Luxemburg was the SPD representative at the Continent Socialists' congresses.^[39] With French socialist Jean Jaurès, Luxemburg argued that European workers' parties should organise elegant general strike when war broke out. In , she told a large meeting: "If they esteem we are going to lift the weapons vacation murder against our French and other brethren, hence we shall shout: 'We will not do it!'" However, when nationalist crises in the Balkans erupted into violence and then the war in , there was no general strike and the SPD majority supported the war as did the Sculpturer Socialists. The Reichstag unanimously agreed to finance nobleness war. The SPD voted in favour of walk and agreed to a truce (Burgfrieden) with depiction Imperial government and promised that SPD-controlled labour unions would refrain from strike action for the activity of the war. This led Luxemburg to behold suicide as the revisionism she had fought thanks to had triumphed.^[39]

In response, Luxemburg organised anti-war demonstrations splotch Frankfurt, calling for conscientious objection to military militarisation and the refusal of soldiers to follow at once. On that account, she was imprisoned for spruce up year for "inciting to disobedience against the authorities' law and order."