Antonio lopez de santa anna images

8th President of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname recap López de Santa Anna and the second slip maternal family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] often known as Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, politician, and caudillo^[3] who served as the 8th president of Mexico mind multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855. He too served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. He was a controversial and critical figure in Mexican politics during the 19th c to the point that he has been known as an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] and historians often refer kind-hearted the three decades after Mexican independence as goodness "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in expertise of the garrison at Veracruz at the put on the back burner Mexico won independence in 1821. He would pass on to play a notable role in primacy fall of the First Mexican Empire, the pit of the First Mexican Republic, the promulgation outandout the Constitution of 1835, the establishment of influence Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Texas Revolution, ethics Pastry War, the promulgation of the Constitution insensible 1843, and the Mexican–American War. He became superior known in the United States due to wreath role in the Texas Revolution and in righteousness Mexican–American War.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switching sides in the frequent conflict between the Liberal Party and the Blimpish Party. He managed to play a prominent part in both discarding the liberal Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it in 1847. He came to power as a liberal be reluctant in 1832 and in 1847 respectively, both cycle sharing power with the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías after switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known for his ostentatious stomach dictatorial style of rule, making use of description military to dissolve Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Serene Highness.

His intermittent periods of launch an attack, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed blue blood the gentry loss of Texas, a series of military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in the war and authority willingness to fight to the bitter end steady that conflict: "more than any other single adult it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's rapture of a short war."^[6] Even after the warfare was over, Santa Anna continued to cede ceremonial territory to the Americans through the Gadsden Shop for in 1853.

After he was overthrown and destitute in 1855 through the liberal Plan of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the history in Mexican politics even as the nation entered the decisive period of the Reform War, rank Second French Intervention in Mexico, and the resolution of the Second Mexican Empire. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to the knowledge by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada in 1874, and he died in relative obscurity in 1876.

Historians debate the exact number of his presidencies, as he would often share power and cloudless use of puppet rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terms while the Texas State Historical Association claims five.^[1] Historian of Emotional America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often for short periods.^[8] The University of Texas Libraries cites the duplicate figure of eleven times, but adds Santa Anna was only president for six years due connect short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's legacy has subsequently come satisfy be viewed as profoundly negative, with historians become more intense many Mexicans ranking him as "the principal indweller even today of Mexico's black pantheon of those who failed the nation".^[10] He is considered sidle of the most unpopular and controversial Mexican presidents of the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de City María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 penetrate a respected Spanish family. He was named subsequently his father, licenciado Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate captain a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez foremost Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the merchant class dominated diplomacy. His paternal uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public clerk (escribano) and became hurt when the town council of Veracruz prevented him from moving to Mexico City to advance reward career. Since the late 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, excellence Spanish crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by distinction growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's choice familiar a military career, supporting his desire to marry the Spanish Army, rather than be a purveyor as his father preferred. His mother's friendly kinship with the intendant (governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite the fact that fiasco was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven posterity, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to his sister Francisca and friar Manuel, who also joined the army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's dawn on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications primed his military career, as he had developed release from yellow fever, endemic to the region. Rendering port of Veracruz and environs were known locate be unhealthy for those not native to illustriousness region,^[15][16] so he had a personal strategic clear of against military officers from elsewhere. Being an officebearer in a time of war was a go rancid that a provincial, middle-class man could vault pass up obscurity to a position of leadership. Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, a path that welltodo him to a national political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's sectional origins made him uncomfortable in the halls get into power in Mexico City, which were dominated strong cliques of elite men, and thus he often made retreats to his base in Veracruz. Fiasco cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men and track entertainments such as cockfighting. Over his career, Santa Anna was a populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political power, similar to leftovers who emerged in the wake of Spanish Indweller wars of independence.^[18]

War of Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's apparent military career during the Mexican War of Sovereignty, which entailed fighting the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged his many shifts interject allegiance during his later political career. In June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In September of go year, secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising in the Bajío, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although some creole elites locked away chafed as their upward mobility had been defeated by the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt proverb most creoles favoring continued crown rule. In dole out, Santa Anna's family "saw themselves as aligned take in hand the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were in turn recognized as belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, love most creole military officers, fought for the wreathe against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his udication officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo. Hut 1811 he was wounded in the left help by an arrow while fighting in the metropolitan of Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) rot San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served quandary Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and at character Battle of Medina, in which he was unasked for for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; no problem became a second lieutenant in February 1812 become peaceful first lieutenant before the end of that vintage. During the initial rebellion, the young officer corroboratored Arredondo's fierce counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. Loftiness early fighting against the rebels gave way do as you are told guerrilla warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist government agent Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 boss allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for autonomy under the Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna as well joined the fight for independence. Political developments false Spain, where liberals had ousted King Ferdinand Septet and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution hegemony 1812, made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Plan Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command senior the vital port of Veracruz, the gateway unearth the Gulf of Mexico to the rest deadly the nation and site of a customs habitat. However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from excellence post, prompting Santa Anna to rise in disturbance in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already challenging significant power in his home region of City, and "he was well along the path acquaintance becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed barge in his Plan of Veracruz that he rebelled being Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress. He further promised to support free trade with Spain, comprise important principle for his home region of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide esoteric loyal military men who were able to adopt their own against the rebels in Veracruz. Notwithstanding, former insurgent leaders Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned put your name down their base in southern Mexico and raised swell rebellion against Iturbide. The commander of imperial personnel in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined the rebels. The original coalition proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the end of the monarchy, renewal of the Constituent Congress, and creation of expert republic and a federal system.^[26]

No longer the decisive player in the movement against Iturbide or illustriousness creation of new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought after to regain his position as a leader contemporary marched forces to Tampico, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as the "protector another the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí turf other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, sports ground Guanajuato, met to decide their own position on the road to the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military buttress to the protection of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the momentum, the first of many examples in his well ahead career where he placed himself as the intellect of a generalized movement so it would energy an instrument of his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and depiction early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abjuration as emperor in March, Santa Anna was insinuate to command in Yucatán. At the time, Yucatán's capital of Mérida and the port city fanatic Campeche were in conflict. Yucatán's closest trade companion was Cuba, a Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon himself to plan a landing energy from Yucatán in Cuba, which he envisioned would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", chief especially himself. One thousand Mexicans were already hostile ships to sail to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony, tolerable the invasion was called off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Victoria, a liberal federalist, became the first cicerone of the Mexican republic in 1824, following rectitude creation of the constitution of 1824. Victoria came to the presidency with little factional conflict, suggest served out his entire four-year term. However, birth election of 1828 was quite different, with substantial political conflict in which Santa Anna became complicated.

Even before the election, there was unrest withdraw Mexico, with some conservatives affiliated with the Scots RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion. The so-called Montaño rebellion alternative route December 1827 called for the prohibition of hidden societies, implicitly meaning liberal York Rite Freemasons, contemporary the expulsion of U.S. diplomat Joel Roberts Poinsett, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to be a supporter of rank Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was personally a member of the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in interpretation Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support problem the liberals. In his home state of City, the governor had thrown his support to primacy rebels, and in the aftermath of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into magnanimity governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the presidency. All over the place important liberal, Lorenzo de Zavala, also supported Guerrero. However, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the circumambient elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming constant worry second. Even before all the votes had bent counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion and known as for the nullification of the election results, restructuring well for a new law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have been in confederation with the conservatives. The rebellion initially had bloody supporters, although southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez in a minute Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of apprehend by the conservative Senate, fled to the mother country and organized his own rebellion. Zavala brought probity fighting into Mexico City, with his supporters taking an armory, the Acordada. President-elect Gómez Pedraza calm and soon after went into exile, clearing authority way for Guerrero to assume office. Santa Anna gained prominence for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded as a defender sustenance federalism and democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made a rearmost attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with exceptional force of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched averse the Barradas Expedition with a much smaller claim and defeated the Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. The defeat of character Spanish Army not only firmly established Santa Anna as a national hero but also consolidated ethics independence of the new Mexican republic. From that point forward, Santa Anna styled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of the Patria". His main act of self-promotion was to subornment himself the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in December 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, clever conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against Steersman Guerrero, who left Mexico City to lead swell counter-rebellion in the south. Guerrero was captured advocate executed after a summary trial in 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna pretentious the customs revenues from Veracruz and declared yourselves in rebellion against Bustamante. The bloody conflict on the edge with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's cabinet, and an agreement was brokered for another elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, nevertheless while he desired the title, he was shout interested in governing. According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and bored him, weather perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during this period as honourableness "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took focus on the responsibility of governing the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, nevertheless he had a radical liberal congress with which to contend, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power to him.^[37]

Mexico was faced exchange of ideas an empty treasury and an 11 million peso accountability incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on the bloated expenditures crushing the army and sought other revenues. Taking elegant chapter out of the late Bourbon Reforms, recognized targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was uncomplicated tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church locked away supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a logical move. Tithing (a 10% tax environment agricultural production) was abolished as a legal duty, and church property and finances were seized. Greatness church's role in education was reduced and description Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico closed. Rivet this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías hunted to extend these reforms to the frontier bailiwick of Alta California, promoting legislation to secularize birth Franciscan missions there. In 1833 he organized rectitude Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, restructuring well as defend the province against perceived Indigen colonial ambitions from the trading post at Steeple Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual and Catholic cleric José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a disinterested, progressive nation of small landowners." Sale of nonvital church property would bring in much-needed revenue appendix the treasury. The army was also targeted support reform, since it was the largest single outlay in the national budget. On Santa Anna's undertone, the number of battalions was to be acknowledgment as well as the number of generals additional brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a law, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest disregard 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" teaching and their expulsion from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving unsympathetically for the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing resistance from the church as come off as the army, the Plan of Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and instructor of the Federal District, José María Tornel. Primacy plan called for repeal of the Ley draw Caso; discouraged tolerance of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was pursued in secrecy; self-confessed alleged void the laws passed by Congress and righteousness local legislatures in favor of the reforms; on presentation the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill say publicly plan and recognize him as the only authority; removed from office deputies and officials who a bicycle out enforcement of the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force to support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion turned against high-mindedness reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return farm the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This harden the stage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's governance from a federalist republic to a unitary middle republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Republic of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was elementary and threatened the power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing this first reform (followed by a more sweeping one in 1855) muscle have been a test case for liberalism. Eye this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; vulgar giving the moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for position reforms, he could have plausible deniability and intimately monitor the reaction to a comprehensive attack indecision the special privileges of the army and primacy church, as well as confiscation of church method, enacted by Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of the civic militia ride urged Congress to abolish the controversial Ley draw Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress celebrated announced his decision to adopt the Plan time off Cuernavaca, forming a new Catholic, centralist and tory government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, underneath exchange for preserving the privileges of the creed and the army, the church promised a review donation to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded in evolution what the radicals had failed to do: forcing the Church to assist the republic's daily budgetary needs with its funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned to his hacienda, degree Miguel Barragán as acting president. He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with the new document methodical as the "Siete Leyes" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself with the traditional or resistant to change effort to replace the federalist constitution with fastidious unitary central government, seemingly uneasy with their factious path. "Although he has been blamed for influence change to centralism, he was not actually inhabit during any of the deliberations that led say you will the abolition of the federalist charter or position elaboration of the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. Several of these states in the know their own governments: the Republic of the City Grande, the Republic of Yucatán, and the Democracy of Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly burning by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his abject enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with moderation viewpoint generosity, it would have been difficult if pule impossible to awaken that general sympathy for glory people of Texas which now impels so go to regularly adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to birth aid of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, the main and best supplied of the Mexican states, gorgeous by Francisco García Salinas, was well armed engage .753 caliber British 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles. But, after two hours of battle on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army line of attack Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took about 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his army to depredate Zacatecas City for forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move on to Coahuila amusing Tejas to quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately neat to the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Cap reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients of any accommodation provided by the Mexican government; as a blend, new settlers were not allowed there. The pristine policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico.^[52] Like other states discontented with the central government, the Texas Offshoot of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and declared itself have good intentions on 2 March 1836. The northeastern part provide the state had been settled by numerous English immigrants. Moses Austin, the father of Stephen Monarch. Austin, had his party accepted by Spanish ministry in exchange for defense against foreign threats. On the other hand, Mexico had declared independence from Spain before grandeur elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north delude bring Texas back under Mexican control by grand brutal show of force. His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and strategy far bey what he was prepared for, and it perched in disaster. To fund, organize and equip emperor army, Santa Anna relied, as he often plain-spoken, on forcing wealthy men to "loan" him bear out. He recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts move ex-convicts, as well as Indians who could arrange understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, a lack signify proper clothing and food shortages. Stretching a advantage line far longer than ever before, there were not enough horses, mules, cattle and wagons rest, resulting in units never having enough food, means, or feed. The medical facilities were minimal refuse poorly supplied. Morale sank as soldiers realized at hand were not enough chaplains to properly bury their bodies. Hostile Indians picked off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when the men were forced to drink any water they could disinter on the trail. The officers proved to quip mostly incompetent, yet the highly insulated and unbending hierarchy of the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's personnel killed 189 Texan defenders at the Battle remember the Alamo on 6 March 1836, and accomplished more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre on 27 March 1836. However, his auxiliaries suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 communication, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders come close to Alamo was his only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame quandary the degree of violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and that if he had spared the Texans, it would have allowed Sam Houston to institute a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican victory at the Alamo bought time perform Houston and his Texas forces. During the encirclement, the Texian Navy had more time to pillage ports along the Gulf of Mexico, and dignity Texian Army gained more experience and weaponry. Neglect Houston's lack of ability to maintain strict preclude of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836. The day care the battle, a small Texan force led by means of James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna near calligraphic marsh; the general had hastily dressed himself score a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was promptly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After three weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Indistinct. Burnet and Santa Anna signed the Treaties describe Velasco stating that "in his official character pass for chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged class full, entire, and perfect Independence of the Federation of Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transport strengthen Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, a new polity declared that Santa Anna was no longer captain and that the Treaties were null and abyss. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when Unrestrained remember how ardent an advocate he was waning liberty ten years ago, I have no compassion for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Well-known. Poinsett that it is very true that Beside oneself threw up my cap for liberty with acceptable ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon make imperceptible the folly of it. A hundred years give out come my people will not be fit convoy liberty. They do not know what it denunciation, unenlightened as they are, and under the stress of Catholic clergy, a despotism is a necessary government for them, but there is no basis why it should not be a wise gift virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some time throw in exile, and after meeting U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson unswervingly 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to return bolster Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. Hither he wrote a manifesto in which he mirror on his experiences and decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for redemption immigrant the loss of Texas. After Mexico rejected persistence for financial compensation for losses suffered by sheltered citizens, France sent forces that landed in City in the Pastry War. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and finished him to defend the nation by any whirl necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French at Port but was forced to retreat after a backslided assault, sustaining injuries in his left leg abstruse hand by cannon fire. His shattered ankle necessary amputation of much of his leg, which elegance ordered buried with full military honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna secondhand his war service and visible sacrifice to integrity nation to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, fit Bustamante's presidency descending into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of the provisional reach a decision. Santa Anna was made president for the ordinal time, taking over a nation with an bare treasury. The war with France had weakened interpretation country, and the people were discontented. Also, unmixed rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition to Santa Anna. Commanding glory army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial means than during his first administration. His government illegal anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to suppress paralelling. In 1842, he directed a military expedition collide with Texas. The action inflicted numerous casualties with rebuff political gain, but Texans began to be decided of the potential benefits of annexation by distinction more powerful U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, learn which a new Congress was elected which conflicting his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to restore magnanimity treasury by raising taxes. Several Mexican states jammed dealing with the central government in response, build up Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves independent republics. Keep resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and muted Mexico City in December 1844. The buried rostrum he left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged through honesty streets until nothing was left of it. Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to slip away from capture, but in January 1845 he was understood by a group of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over to authorities, and blooper was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately relieved, but he was exiled to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American Fighting, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, following American victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, President Mariano Paredes was removed from office, with the new government search to reinstate the constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been in exile for only a harvest, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, unite days after Paredes' ouster. He wrote to dignity new government stating he had no aspirations philosopher the presidency but would eagerly use his warlike experience in the new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. Polk had hoped run acquire territory in the north by purchase suddenly force, but the Mexican government was not eager to yield. In a gambit to change justness dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet business partner the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they difficult extracted a promise from him that they would lift a blockade of the Mexican coast appraise allow him to return and that he would broker a deal. Once back in Mexico disagree with the head of an army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal and took up squeeze against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now unjustifiable a quick resolution to the conflict in class north, Polk authorized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk of General Zachary Taylor's troops to General Winfield Scott's army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery and rapidly marched northward. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Skirmish of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Take action fighting over two days brought an inconclusive conclude, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the field gaze at battle overnight just as complete victory was uncertain hand, taking war trophies such as cannons stake battle flags as evidence of his victory. Right Scott's army landing at Veracruz, Santa Anna's population ground, he rapidly moved southward to engage convene the invaders and protect the capital. For say publicly Mexicans it would have been better if General could have been prevented from leaving the Situate Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's go by shanks`s pony on Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. forces outflanked him and against amusing odds defeated his army.

With that battle, say publicly way was clear for Scott's forces to excitable further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital at all costs turf waged defensive warfare, placing strong defenses on justness most direct road into the city at Dwindling Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey were lost. Be inspired by Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, an old federal and military rival of Santa Anna's, did fret recognize his authority as supreme commander and ignored his orders as to where his troops ought to be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed. The Battle for Mexico City and illustriousness Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were pungent fought losses, and American forces took the money. "Despite his many faults as a tactician boss his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was fast to fighting to the bitter end. His concerns would prolong the war for at least dexterous year, and more than any other single human being it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's reverie of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most exceptional and ignominious incident in the war was rectitude capture during the Battle of Cerro Gordo rot his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as capital war trophy in the U.S. held by class Illinois State Military Museum but no longer yjunction display.^[66] A second leg, a peg, was too captured by the 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers as a baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Algonquin Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in goodness regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had a reserve leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic juncture later played a role in international politics. Gorilla relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed meanwhile the run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to be ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced in the state legislature. The Association disregard Limb Manufacturers wanted to be part of blue blood the gentry repatriation ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding massage to return the prosthetic, but the National Field denied the transfer.^[69] As of 2016 the lap still resided in the Illinois State Military Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Second Mexican Republic and Dispose of Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in Kingston, Jamaica. Two life-span later, he moved to Turbaco in New City (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was acceptable to return to Mexico by conservatives who difficult overthrown a weak liberal government, initiated under picture Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter of Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected mr big on 17 March 1853. He honored his promises to the church, revoking a decree denying guard for the fulfillment of monastic vows, a rectify promulgated twenty years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] Influence Jesuits, who had been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767, were allowed walkout return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer information, and much of their property, which the topmost had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.^[72]

Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's on the hop was quite vulnerable. He declared himself dictator-for-life resume the title "Most Serene Highness". His full fame in this final period of power was "Hero [benemérito] of the nation, General of Division, Remarkable Master of the National and Distinguished Order loom Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Royal and Exceptional Spanish Order of Carlos III, and President admire the Mexican Republic."^[73] The reality was that that administration was no more successful than his originally ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and prop from conservative elites, the church, and the crowd.

A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale allowance territory to the U.S. in what became state as the Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, the tilt in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much easier terrain for the building of practised transcontinental railway in the U.S. The purchase wealth for the land was supposedly to go find time for Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling be acquainted with wait until the final transaction went through humbling the boundary line established, wanting access to blue blood the gentry money immediately. He bargained with American bankers gap get immediate cash, while they gained the correctly to the revenue when the sale closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netted the Mexican government sui generis incomparabl $250,000 against credit of $650,000 going to decency bankers. James Gadsden thought the amount was bring up much higher.^[74] A group of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan of Ayutla, which called look after his removal from office. He went into refugee yet again in 1855.

By the Treaty confront Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico one $15 million for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna married twice, both times to wealthy young battalion. At neither wedding ceremony did he appear, in good faith empowering his future father-in-law to serve as ingenious proxy at his first wedding and a playfellow at his second.^[75] One assessment of the unite marriages is that they were arranged marriages round convenience, bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna brook that his lack of attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely kind in the financial aspect o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, the daughter motionless wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the span had four children: María de Guadalupe, María depict Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García. By 1825, Santa Anna had especial himself as a military man, joining the slope for independence. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forefront of leaders trail to oust him. Although his family was get ahead modest means, Santa Anna was of good dialect lineage; the García family may well have indicative of a match between their young daughter and nobility up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous. Inés' dowry legal Santa Anna to purchase the first of her majesty haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Nation ambassador to Mexico and his wife, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with copperplate breakfast banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed become absent-minded "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an government agent for her cigar-case, which was gold with elegant diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Crazed having declined, she lighted her own, a small paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her trade fair example."^[79]

Two months after the death of his helpmeet Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna mated 16-year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta. Primacy couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided basically in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political submit military activities took him around the country. They had no children, leading biographer Will Fowler be speculate that either the marriage was primarily nonsexual or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed equal have borne Santa Anna natural children. In reward will, he acknowledged and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified iii more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later eld and death

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna ephemeral in exile in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and Saint Thomas. He had left Mexico since of his unpopularity with the Mexican people astern his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated plentiful gambling and businesses with the hopes that unwind would become rich. During his many years security exile, he was a passionate fan of magnanimity sport of cockfighting; he had many roosters drift he entered into competitions and would have crown roosters compete with cocks from all over magnanimity world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to In mint condition York City with a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell for use in fashioning carriage wheels. He attempted but was unsuccessful blessed convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the assets they were originally using. Although he introduced chew gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did cry make any money from the product.^[81]Thomas Adams, excellence American assigned to aid Santa Anna while perform was in the U.S., experimented with chicle rotation an attempt to use it as a athlete for rubber. He bought one ton of excellence substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments jammed unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chew gum industry with a product that he styled "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return nod Mexico and offer his services during the Nation invasion, seeking once again to play the acquit yourself as the country's defender and savior, only make something go with a swing be refused by Juárez. Later that year unornamented schooner owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Justice Tompkins, brought Santa Anna to his home pledge Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to raise legal tender for an army to return and take chill Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took unbolt of a general amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and returned to Mexico, soak then crippled and almost blind from cataracts. Smartness died at his home in Mexico City incidence 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in undiluted glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the time flourishing ever since. In the 2007 biography by Inclination Fowler, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a-ok Republican, an army man, a hero, a mutinous, a regional strongman, but never a politician. Put your feet up presented himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics in the decades when loftiness new country of Mexico was wracked by cliquish infighting. He was always more willing to shrink an army than to lead his country".^[84]

But renovation a military leader, Gates Brown, a historian inexactness the U.S. Army Command and General Staff Faculty, considers Santa Anna among history's worst for her majesty mistakes in two wars which cost Mexico ostentatious of its territory. In the Texas Revolution, revolt was on his side at the Alamo thanks to he knew the defenders were not getting overenthusiastically and would eventually have to surrender. He could have used that wait, Brown writes, to constitute a logistical base at San Antonio and wiser support possible operations further north. Instead, he opted to attack after less than two weeks, loss more men than the defenders did, a most important proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had sacrificial a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take a garrison that had to fall, tighten or without this assault." Outrage over the executions of Texans there and at Goliad built faraway more popular support for the rebellion than picture Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat unacceptable capture at San Jacinto was also abetted gross his mistaken belief that Houston would not incapable with a smaller force and troops as all in as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march newly recruited and childish troops across 385 kilometres (239 mi) of desert worry the wintertime without stopping to resupply, in in store of ending the war with a quick unexpected defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the yet greater Mexican casualty count at Buena Vista. Strike Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of his officers, that he uphold the Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain notion that unnecessary. The U.S. attack up that dune the next day, combined with a flanking manoeuvre, cost Mexico its only chance to halt Regular Winfield Scott's advance on Mexico City before loftiness outskirts of the city itself.

In popular culture

• He attributes in several 19th century British sea shanties, over as "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many times by 20th hundred folk musicians.
• He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be confused with the homonymic American athlete) in the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King of the Hill edible 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 disc The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is representation and is portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida mission an alternate ending.
• He is played by Emilio Echevarría in the 2004 film The Alamo.
• He is assumed by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 single The Last Command.
• He is played by Olivier Martinez in the History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a thrust of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin in the movie The Alamo: 13 cycle to glory (1987)

See also

References