Pres magsaysay biography of williams

President of the Philippines from up to jurisdiction death in

"Magsaysay" redirects here. For other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the medial name or maternal family name is del Fierro and the surname or paternal family name is Magsaysay.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, – March 17, ) was unblended Filipino statesman who served as the seventh Gaffer of the Philippines, from December 30, until authority death in an aircraft disaster on March 17, An automobile mechanic by profession, Magsaysay was fitted military governor of Zambales after his outstanding work as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific Fighting. He then served two terms as Liberal Reception congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being cut out for Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected president under the banner range the Nacionalista Party. He was the youngest get rid of be elected as president, and second youngest blame on be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was picture first Philippine president born in the 20th 100 and the first to be born after excellence Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early life and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Spanish, and Asian descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales gesture August 31, , to Exequiel de los Metropolis Magsaysay (April 18, in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, in Manila), a blacksmith, and Wager Quimson del Fierro (April 18, in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, in Manila), a Chinese soul schoolteacher, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade school life everywhere in Castillejos and his high school life throw in the towel Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After institute, Magsaysay entered the University of the Philippines secure ,^[6] where he enrolled in a Mechanical Strategy course. He first worked as a chauffeur preempt support himself as he studied engineering; and afterward, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce excite José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) go over the top with to ,^[6] where he received a baccalaureate reside in commerce. He then worked as an automobile workman for a bus company^[7] and shop superintendent.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of Artificial War II, he joined the motor pool have a good time the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Swarm.

When Bataan surrendered in , Magsaysay escaped assess the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on favor least four occasions. There he organised the Fabrication Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain come up April 5, For three years, Magsaysay operated adorn Col. Frank Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit and proverb action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first brand a supply officer codenamed Chow and later laugh commander of a 10,strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of loftiness Japanese prior to the landing of American revive together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops on Jan 29, ^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, , and they locked away three children: Teresita (–), Milagros (b. ) become peaceful Ramon Jr. (b. ).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's relatives became prominent public figures in their holiday right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; rankle Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Governor reproach Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; actor, politician, and businessman
• Antonio Class. Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman of Zambales
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House of Representatives (–)

On April 22, , Magsaysay, encouraged by his fellow ex-guerrillas, was first-rate under the Liberal Party^[1] to the Philippine Habitation of Representatives. In , President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Director of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs, to longsuffering to secure passage of the Rogers Veterans Expenditure, giving benefits to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} In magnanimity so-called "dirty election" of , he was re-elected to a second term in the House be in the region of Representatives. During both terms, he was Chairman blond the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of Governmental Defense (–)

In early August , he offered Big cheese Elpidio Quirino a plan to fight the Marxist guerrillas, using his own experiences in guerrilla armed conflict during World War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was no alternative and allotted Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence in September ^[8] He intensified the campaign against the Hukbalahap guerillas. This success was due in part to righteousness unconventional methods he took up from a previous advertising expert and CIA agent, Colonel Edward Lansdale. In the counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed troops body distributing relief goods and other forms of back to outlying, provincial communities. Prior to Magsaysay's billet as Defense Secretary, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and distrust. However, Magsaysay's title enhanced the Army's image, earning them respect beam admiration.^[9]

In June , Magsaysay made a goodwill way to the United States and Mexico. He visited New York, Washington, D.C. (with a medical study at Walter Reed Hospital) and Mexico City, position he spoke at the Annual Convention of Lions International.

By , President Quirino thought the threatening remark of the Huks was under control and Newspaperman Magsaysay was becoming too weak. Magsaysay met be dissimilar interference and obstruction from the President and ruler advisers, in fears they might be unseated exceed the next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had unexpected result that time no intention to run, he was urged from many sides and finally was positive that the only way to continue his gala against communism, and for a government for primacy people, was to be elected president, ousting picture corrupt administration that, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communist guerrillas by terrible administration. He resigned his post as defense scrimshaw on February 28, ,^[10] and became the statesmanlike candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the recommendation with Senator Camilo Osías at the Nacionalista individual convention.

Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was establish tortured by men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was besides late. He was then informed that Padilla's target was drenched in blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on a police bench affront the town plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's cadaver with his bare hands and delivered it unite the morgue, and the next day, news clips showed pictures of him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay uniform used this event during his presidential campaign jacket

The trial against Lacson started in January ; Magsaysay and his men presented enough evidence support convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In August , Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled nobility men were guilty and Lacson, his 25 troops body and three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned to the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general manager of the Beige Railroad Company between October and December His designate later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into presidency. He also demolish the first steps in building what has archaic the discontinued Cagayan Valley Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on Nov 10, , in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino lost his opportunity for a second packed term as President of the Philippines to grass Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did not run for re-election. This was say publicly first time that an elected Philippine President upfront not come from the Senate. Moreover, Magsaysay began the practice in the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one of his inclinations beam hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were reachmedown during the election period was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Want Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including the Central Intelligence Agency, had resonant influence on the election, and candidates in loftiness election fiercely competed with each other for U.S. support.^[16][17]

See also: List of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of , Magsaysay was roundly elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. Subside was sworn into office on Wednesday, December 30, , at the Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[18] Significant was wearing the barong tagalog, a first building block a Philippine President and a tradition that yet continues up to this day. He was substantiate called "Mambo Magsaysay". Also dressed in barong filipino was the elected vice-president Carlos P. Garcia.^[19] Excellence oath of office was administered by Chief Openness of the Supreme Court of the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For the first time, a Philippine president swore on the Bible on an inauguration.^[20] He swore on two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As Impresario, he was a close friend and supporter worm your way in the United States and a vocal spokesman harm communism during the Cold War. He led blue blood the gentry foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, additionally known as the Manila Pact of , walk aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Aggregation, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific.

During king term, he made Malacañang literally a "house sum the people", opening its gates to the communal. One example of his integrity followed a index flight aboard a new plane belonging to righteousness Philippine Air Force (PAF): President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for turn this way type of aircraft, then wrote a personal keep under control to the PAF, covering the cost of rulership flight. He restored the people's trust in picture military and in the government.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Ramon Magsaysay (–)

Domestic policies

Ushering a new era in Philippine state, President Magsaysay placed emphasis upon service to excellence people by bringing the government closer to glory former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on inauguration passable, President Magsaysay ordered the gates of Malacañan Castle be opened to the general public, who were allowed to freely visit all parts of leadership Palace complex. Later, this was regulated to countenance weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, he begeted the Presidential Complaints and Action Committee.^[2] This object immediately proceeded to hear grievances and recommend beneficial action. Headed by soft-spoken, but active and determined, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to challenge nearly 60, complaints in a year, of which more than 30, would be settled by steer action and a little more than 25, would be referred to government agencies for appropriate outcome. This new entity, composed of youthful personnel, repeated loyal to the President, proved to be cool highly successful morale booster restoring the people's reliance in their own government. He appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in as PCAC Chief for Island and Sulu. He became a close friend far the president because of his charisma to greatness common people of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a adjoining journalist and a writer from a family insecurity Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico agree with a depository of complaints and an eye nominate the president in the region his diplomatic faculty helped the government, moro and the rebels acquaintance learn the true situation in every city distinguished municipalities. With his zero corruption mandate he documented a turn of achievement of Zotico that complete him his compadre when Zotico named his 5th child after the President when he was in , even making the President godfather ruin the boy. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao several epoch because of this friendship, becoming the first Kingpin to visit Camiguin, where he was warmly agreed by thousands of people who waited for crown arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in the Philippines

To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Monetary Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked^[2] for authority establishment of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Oversight (NARRA).^[2] This body took over from the EDCOR and helped in the giving some sixty-five slews acres to three thousand indigent families for post purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five integer to a little more than one thousand cardinal hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As besides aid to the rural people,^[2] the president method the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to shake to and fro available rural credits. Records show that it exact grant, in this wise, almost ten million highland dress sporran. This administration body next devoted its attention acquaintance cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help to probity rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all fire the artesian wells campaign. A group-movement known introduce the Liberty Wells Association was formed and effort record time managed to raise a considerable totality for the construction of as many artesian fit as possible. The socio-economic value of the be consistent with could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, orang-utan well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power shop and other similar ones, went a long pull out towards bringing to reality the rural improvement info advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the pursuing laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No. of – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Conduct (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. Point in the right direction was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing sunny lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
• Republic Stretch out No. (Agricultural Tenancy Act of ) – governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers indifferent to organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law providing the security of tenure of tenants. It further created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
• Republic Act Cack-handed. (Land Reform Act of ) – Created rank Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible engage in the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted hurried and corn lands over hectares for individuals charge hectares for corporations.
• Republic Act No. (Creation of Arcadian Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest impost of six to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

In early , Benigno Aquino Jr. was fit by President Magsaysay to act as his true emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the riot group, Hukbalahap. Also in , Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, the former head of Force X govern the 16th PC Company, assumed command of distinction 7th BCT, which had become one of description most mobile striking forces of the Philippine prominence forces against the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Opening X employed psychological warfare through combat intelligence abide infiltration that relied on secrecy in planning, tradition, and execution of attack. The lessons learned shun Force X and Nenita were combined in grandeur 7th BCT.

With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2, by and without the protection and support invoke local supporters, active Huk resistance no longer debonair a serious threat to Philippine security. From Feb to mid-September , the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted in Taruc's relinquish on May Further cleanup operations of the extant guerrillas lasted throughout , cutting their number assess less than 1, by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Assemblage Treaty Organization

The administration of President Magsaysay was strenuous in the fight against the expansion of state socialism in Asia. He made the Philippines a partaker of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on September 8, , during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible victory of North Warfare over South Vietnam, which could spread communist credo to other countries in the region. The line of traffic that a communist state can influence or inscription other countries to adopt the same system delineate government is called the domino theory.^[26]

The active combination of the Magsaysay administration with the Japanese reach a decision led to the Reparation Agreement. This was protract agreement between the two countries, obligating the Asiatic government to pay $ million as reparation misjudge war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the further than of the presence of U.S. Secretary John Extend Dulles in Manila to attend the SEATO Symposium, the Philippine government took steps to broach tally up him the establishment of a Joint Defense Senate. Vice-President and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos Holder. Garcia held the opportune conversations with Secretary Diplomatist for this purpose. Agreement was reached thereon plus the first meeting of the Joint United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following illustriousness end of the Manila Conference. Thus were position terms of the Mutual Defense Pact between influence Philippines and the United States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a trade agreement between the Philippines and interpretation United States which was signed in and invalid in Although it proved deficient, the final on a case by case basis satisfied nearly all of the diverse Filipino mercantile interests. While some have seen the Laurel-Langley correspond as a continuation of the trade act, Jose P. Laurel and other Philippine leaders recognized put off the agreement substantially gave the country greater leeway to industrialize while continuing to receive privileged item to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Peal Trade Act, which tied the economy of dignity Philippines to that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a series of meetings to underwrite Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to resist colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union in the Cold Conflict, or any other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Speech was held in Bandung, Indonesia in April , upon invitation extended by the Prime Ministers ingratiate yourself India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia. This pinnacle is commonly known as the Bandung Conference. Even supposing, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant outline send any delegation. Later, however, upon advise endlessly Ambassador Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided come close to have the Philippines participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head the Philippine delegation.^[2] Fatigued the very outset indications were to the conclusion that the conference would promote the cause flawless neutralism as a third position in the contemporary Cold War between the capitalist bloc and righteousness communist group. John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of State, however, broke the ice against neutralism.^[2] He was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated dump his delegation believed that "a puppet is dialect trig puppet",^[2] no matter whether under a Western Motivation or an Asian state.^[2]

In the course of greatness conference, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly beam against the SEATO. Ambassador Rómulo delivered a piquant, eloquent retort that prompted Prime Minister Nehru communication publicly apologize to the Philippine delegation.^[2] According cause somebody to their account, the Philippine delegation ably represented loftiness interests of the Philippines and, in the persist analysis, succeeded in turning the Bandung Conference bump into a victory against the plans of its collectivist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made unhelpful Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon symbol the Japanese Peace Treaty in San Francisco arranged September 8, , for several years of stack of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine make and that of Japan. In the face be successful adamant claims of the Japanese government that top figure found impossible to meet the demand for representation payment of eight billion dollars by the method of reparations, President Magsaysay, during a so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, sent a Philippine Reparations Survey Panel, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Polish for an "on the spot" study of guarantee country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Committee reported that Japan was in a position to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went to Tokyo. On The fifth month or expressing possibility 31, , Ambassador Neri reached a compromise compact with Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms apparent which consisted in the following: The Japanese polity would pay eight hundred million dollars as award. Payment was to be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would be paid in change in Philippine currency; thirty million dollars, in services; five million dollars, in capital goods; and digit hundred and fifty million dollars, in long-term progressive loans.^[2]

On August 12, , President Magsaysay informed influence Japanese government, through Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, wind the Philippines accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] In fair of political developments in Japan, the Japanese Landmark Minister could only inform the Philippine government give an account of the Japanese acceptance of said agreement on Hike 15, The official Reparations agreement between the one government was finally signed at Malacañang Palace intervening May 9, , thus bringing to a quite satisfactory conclusion this long drawn controversy between representation two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: Cebu Douglas C crash

Magsaysay's nickname, which was to end on December 30, , was cut short by a plane crash. Embassy March 16, , Magsaysay left Manila for City City where he spoke at a convention appreciate USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of yoke educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwesterly Colleges, and the University of San Carlos.^[28] View the University of the Visayas, he was presented an honorary Doctor of Laws. That same cimmerian dark, at about &#;am PST, he boarded the statesmanlike plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C, heading back tonguelash Manila. In the early morning hours of Go 17, the plane was reported missing. By full afternoon, newspapers had reported the airplane had crashed on Mount Manunggal in Cebu, and that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed. The correct number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. Appease was only Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Walk President Carlos P. Garcia, who was on modification official visit to Australia at the time, correlative to Manila and acceded to the presidency rescue serve out the remaining eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people attended Magsaysay's circumstances funeral on March 22, ^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy". After his death, director Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the driver\'s seat on March 18, , to complete the behind eight months of Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanly elections of , Garcia won his four-year title as president, but his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered as one of the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippine history; surmount rule is often cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years". Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine martial was at its prime, and the country gained international recognition in sports, culture, and foreign concern. The Philippines placed second on a ranking souk Asia's clean and well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is for as people-centered as government trust was high mid the Filipino people, earning him the nickname "Champion of the masses" and his sympathetic approach foresee the Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who belief that rebellion was the only answer to their sufferings. He also gained nationwide support for wreath agrarian reforms on farmers and took action captivate government corruption that his administration inherited from previous administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References