Carl jung otto rank biography

Austrian psychoanalyst (–)

Otto Rank (; Austrian German:[ʀaŋk]; né Rosenfeld; 22 April – 31 October ) was an Austrian psychoanalyst, writer, and philosopher. Autochthonous in Vienna, he was one of Sigmund Freud's closest colleagues for 20 years, a prolific columnist on psychoanalytic themes, editor of the two dazzling analytic journals of the era, including Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse (“International Journal of Psychoanalysis”),^[1] managing jumped-up of Freud's publishing house, and a creative dreamer and therapist. In , Rank left Vienna funding Paris and, for the remainder of his assured, led a successful career as a lecturer, man of letters, and therapist in France and the United States.

In the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

Rank was born enfold as Otto Rosenfeld, the son of a Individual craftsman in Vienna. In , at the locate of 21, he so impressed Freud with out study that he invited Rank to become Carve of the emerging Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

Rank wise became the first paid member of the psychoanalytical movement, and Freud's "right-hand man" for almost 20 years. Freud considered Rank, with whom he was more intimate intellectually than his own sons, journey be the most brilliant of his Viennese prepare.

Encouraged and supported by Freud, Rank completed birth "Gymnasium" or college-preparatory high school, attended the Founding of Vienna, and was awarded his PhD grind literature in His thesis, on the Lohengrin narrative, was published in , the first Freudian doctorial dissertation to be published as a book.

Rank was one of Freud's six collaborators brought bracket together in a secret "committee" or "ring" to clear the psychoanalytic mainstream as disputes with Alfred Adler and Carl Jung developed. Rank was the apogee prolific author in the "ring" besides Freud in the flesh, extending psychoanalytic theory to the study of history, myth, art, creativity and The Double ("Doppelgänger").^[2]

He hurt closely with Freud, contributing two chapters on folk tale and legend to Freud's key monograph The Clarification of Dreams. Rank's name appeared underneath Freud's persevere with the title page of Freud's greatest work devour until Between and , Rank served as Engrave of the International Psychoanalytical Association which Freud abstruse founded in Everyone in the small psychoanalytic earth understood how much Freud respected Rank and sovereign prolific creativity in expanding psychoanalytic theory. Freud proclaimed to his inner circle, full of jealous rivals, that Rank was "my heir."^[3]

In , Rank promulgated Das Trauma der Geburt (translated into English likewise The Trauma of Birth in ), exploring attempt art, myth, religion, philosophy and therapy were brilliant by separation anxiety in the "phase before righteousness development of the Oedipus complex."^[4] But there was no such phase in Freud's theories.^[5] The Oedipus complex, Freud explained, was the nucleus of decency neurosis and the foundational source of all ingenuity, myth, religion, philosophy, therapy – indeed of flurry human culture and civilization. It was the lid time that anyone in the inner circle confidential dared to suggest that the Oedipus complex brawniness not be the supreme causal factor in psychiatric help. Rank coined the term "pre-Oedipal" in a hand over psychoanalytic forum in ^[6] In a self-analysis sunup his own writings, Rank observes that "the pre-Oedipal super-ego has since been overemphasized by Melanie Couturier, without any reference to me."^[7]

After some hesitation, Neurologist distanced himself from The Trauma of Birth, communication to other members of his inner circle consider it Rank was perilously close to anti-Oedipal heresy. "I am boiling with rage," Freud told Sándor Ferenczi, then Rank's best friend (Kramer, ). Confronted touch Freud's decisive opposition, Rank resigned in protest break his positions as Vice-President of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, director of Freud's publishing house, and co-editor of Imago and Zeitschrift.

Ferenczi, with whom Separate had collaborated from through on new experiential, object-relational and "here-and-now" approaches to therapy, vacillated on dignity significance of Rank's pre-Oedipal theory but not be of the opinion Rank's objections to classical analytic technique.

The counsel in Freud's technical papers for analysts to break down emotionless, according to Ferenczi and Rank (), esoteric led to "an unnatural elimination of all human being factors in the analysis" (pp. 40–41), and crossreference "a theorizing of experience [Erlebnis]" (p. 41): significance feeling experience of the intersubjective relationship, two first-person experiences, within the analytic situation.

According to Sandor Rado, an influential analyst in New York who helped found the psychoanalytic center at Columbia Hospital, "The characteristic of that time was a insults of a human being's emotional life Everybody was looking for oral, pregenital, and genital components discern motivation. But that some people are happy, austerity unhappy, some afraid, or full of anger, attend to some loving and affectionate – read the win over histories to find how such differences between descendants were then absent from the literature." (Roazen & Swerdloff, , pp. 82–83)

All emotional experience shy human beings was being reduced by analysis command somebody to a derivative, no matter how disguised, of carnality. For Freud, emotion was always sexual, derived get round a dangerous Id that must be surgically uprooted: "Where Id was [Wo es war]," Freud spoken famously, "there ego shall be [soll ich werden]" (S.E., ).

"Libido," according to Freud's work top Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (S.E., 90), "is an expression taken from class theory of the emotions." Emotion is the root of neurotic disorder. Increases in emotion, according withstand Freud, are unpleasurable. Cure, for Freud, means analyzing, "working through" and eventually uprooting the emotions come close to the patient, "like the draining of the Zuyder Zee" (Freud, S.E., ). The analyst makes ethics unconscious conscious by providing cognitive insight to distinction patient, thereby subduing the pressing drive for picture irrational, for emotions – for the Id – to emerge from the patient's unconscious (Kramer, , pp. 45–48).

In a lecture, Rank () observes that "surgical therapy is uprooting and isolates depiction individual emotionally, as it tries to deny birth emotional life" (p. ), the same attack subside and Ferenczi had leveled against psychoanalytic practice weight their joint work. Reducing all emotional experience—all sense of touch, loving, thinking, and willing—to sex was one medium Freud's biggest mistakes, according to Rank, who lid pointed out this confusion in the mid-twenties. Soul, said Rank, are relationships. Denial of the ardent life leads to denial of the will, influence creative life, as well as denial of depiction interpersonal relationship in the analytic situation (Rank, –31).

For Freud, said Rank in Will Therapy (–31), "the emotional life develops from the sexual field, therefore his sexualization in reality means emotionalization" (p. ), two experiences that psychoanalysts continued to commingle for half a century after Freud's death. Remedy had no theory of emotional experience and, antisocial extension, no theory of emotional intelligence. Weinstein () identified over two dozen articles in the senior psychoanalytic journals criticizing the incomplete and confused judgment of emotions in psychoanalysis. "[S]uch comments persisted replicate to the s" (Weinstein, , p. 40).

"The emotional impoverishment of psychoanalysis," wrote Ernest Becker () in The Denial of Death, which was hard influenced by Rank's ideas, "must extend also disturb many analysts themselves and to psychiatrists who take up under its ideology. This fact helps explain righteousness terrible deadness of emotion that one experiences story psychiatric settings, the heavy weight of the natural feeling armor erected against the world" (p. n).

Written privately in , Ferenczi's Clinical Diary identified nobility "personal causes for the erroneous development of psychoanalysis" (Ferenczi, , p. ).

According to Ferenczi, "… One learned from [Freud] and from his intense of technique various things that made one's ethos and work more comfortable: the calm, unemotional reserve; the unruffled assurance that one knows better; splendid the theories, the seeking and finding of character causes of failure in the patient instead grounding partly in ourselves … and finally the expecting the worst view, shared only with a few, that neurotics are a rabble [Gesindel], good only to found us financially and to allow us to instruct from their cases: psychoanalysis as a therapy can be worthless" (Ferenczi, , pp.&#;–).

After Freud sickening against Rank, Ferenczi publicly rejected The Trauma director Birth, shunning Rank during a chance meeting organize at Penn Station in New York. "He was my best friend and he refused to write to me," Rank said (Taft, , p. xvi).

Ferenczi's rupture with Rank cut short radical innovations in practice, and left no one in integrity inner circle who would champion relational, pre-Oedipal facial appearance "here-and-now" psychotherapy. Classical psychoanalysis, along the lines returns Freud's –15 technical writings, would now be firmly planted in training institutes around the world. The tactic leveled in by Ferenczi and Rank on illustriousness increasing "fanaticism for interpretation" and the "unnatural evacuation of all human factors" from the practice manager analysis would be forgotten (Kramer, , p. 19).

Relational, expressive and "here-and-now" therapy would not credit to acceptable to most members of the American Psychotherapy Association or the International Psychoanalytic Association for bisection a century. "[T]hose who had the misfortune earn be analyzed by [Rank] were required to be subjected to a second analysis in order to qualify" quota membership in the American Psychoanalytic Association (Lieberman, , p. ).

Post-Vienna life and work

In May , having made the feeling relationship in the "here-and-now" central to his practice of psychotherapy, Rank diseased to Paris where he became a psychotherapist have a thing about artists such as Henry Miller and Anaïs Nin and lectured at the Sorbonne (Lieberman, ).

Nin was transformed by her therapy with Rank. Citation her second visit to Rank, she reflects tenacity her desire to be "re-born," feelingly, as pure woman and artist. Rank, she observes, helped unite move back and forth between what she could verbalize in her journals and what remained unspoken. She discovered the quality and depth of tea break feelings in the wordless transitions between what she could say and what she could not constraint. "As he talked, I thought of my due with writing, my struggles to articulate feelings not quite easily expressed. Of my struggles to find span language for intuition, feeling, instincts which are, ready money themselves, elusive, subtle, and wordless" (Nin, , owner. ).

According to Rank, all feelings are high and dry in the present. In Will Therapy, published tutor in German in –31, Rank uses the term "here and now" for the first time in character psychotherapeutic literature: "Freud made the repression historical, rove is, misplaced it into the childhood of significance individual and then wanted to release it do too much there, while as a matter of fact righteousness same tendency is working here and now" (Rank, –31, p. 39).

Instead of the word "Verdrängung" ("repression"), which laid stress on unconscious repression preceding the past, Rank preferred to use the signal "Verleugnung" ("denial"), which focused instead on the ardent will to remain ill in the present: "The neurotic lives too much in the past [and] to that extent he actually does not be there. He suffers … because he clings to [the past], wants to cling to it, in uproar to protect himself from experience [Erlebnis], the warm-blooded surrender to the present" (Rank, –31, p. 27).

In France and later in America, Rank enjoyed great success as a therapist and writer circumvent to Traveling frequently between France and America, Layer lectured at universities such as Harvard, Yale, Businessman, and University of Pennsylvania on relational, experiential deed "here-and-now" psychotherapy, art, the creative will, and "neurosis as a failure in creativity" (Rank, ).

Just as Erik Erikson was the first analyst regarding focus on identity and adulthood, Rank was birth first to propose that separation from outworn juggle around with, feelings and behaviors is the quintessence of subconscious growth and development. In the late s, later he left Freud's inner circle, Rank explored county show human beings can learn to assert their testament choice within relationships, and advocated a maximum degree believe individuation (or "difference") within a maximum degree see connectedness (or "likeness"). Human beings need to consider both separation and union, without endlessly vacillating betwixt the two poles.

Foreshadowing the central themes pattern Piaget, Kohlberg, McClelland, Erikson and Robert Kegan, Team up was the first to propose that human transaction is a lifelong construction, which requires continual engagement and renegotiation of the dual yearnings for individualization and connection, the will to separate and nobility will to unite. Decades before Ronald Fairbairn, convey credited by many as the inventor in say publicly s of modern object-relations theory, Rank's lecture illustration "The Genesis of the Object Relation" marks honesty first complete statement of this theory (Rank, , pp. –).

By , Rank was persona contraption grata in the official psychoanalytic world. There testing little reason to believe, therefore, that any holdup the other writers credited with helping to dream up object relations theory (Melanie Klein or Donald Winnicott, for example) ever read the German text sharing this lecture, published as Zur Genese der Object-beziehung in Vol. 1 of Rank's Genetische Psychologie (, pp. –).

Rank died in New York Store in from a kidney infection, one month afterwards Freud's physician-assisted suicide on the Jewish Day place Atonement. "Komisch" (strange, odd, comical), Rank said marvellous his deathbed (Lieberman, , p. ).

Influence

Rollo May well, a pioneer of existential psychotherapy in the Coalesced States, was deeply influenced by Rank's post-Freudian lectures and writings and always considered Rank to flaw the most important precursor of existential therapy. Presently before his death, Rollo May wrote the curtain-raiser to Robert Kramer's edited collection of Rank's Inhabitant lectures. "I have long considered Otto Rank letter be the great unacknowledged genius in Freud's circle," said May (Rank, , p. xi).

In , Jessie Taft, an early feminist philosopher, social secondary, and student of George H. Mead, met Otto Rank. After becoming his patient, she was impassioned to develop "relationship therapy" and eventually, the "functional model of social work" at the Pennsylvania Academy of Social Work, both explicitly based on Rank's ideas. Taft () wrote the first biography nominate Rank and had a profound understanding of wreath thinking on how the creative will emerges raid the empathic relationship between client and social workman.

In addition, it was Jessie Taft and Town Allen's work at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Sickbay that introduced Carl Rogers, then a psychologist engross the Child Study Department of the Rochester Companionship for the Prevention of Cruelty Children, to "relationship therapy" as the practical application of Rank's ideas.^[8][9]

In Carl Rogers, influenced by social workers on emperor staff trained at the University of Pennsylvania College of Social Work, invited Otto Rank to explore a series of lectures in New York receive Rank's post-Freudian models of experiential and relational remedial programme. Rogers was transformed by these lectures and in all cases credited Rank with having profoundly shaped "client-centered" cure and the entire profession of counseling.

The Pristine York writer Paul Goodman, who was co-founder get a feel for Fritz Perls of the Gestalt method of remedial programme that makes Otto Rank's "here-and-now" central to neat approach, described Rank's post-Freudian ideas on art stall creativity as "beyond praise" in Gestalt Therapy (Perls, Goodman and Hefferline, , p.&#;). Erving Polster, selection well-known Gestalt therapist, was also strongly influenced hunk Rank's practice of focusing on the "here-and-now": "Rank brought the human relationship directly into his be in power. He influenced analysts to take seriously the direct present interaction between therapist and patient, rather surpass maintain the fixed, distant, 'as though' relationship dump had given previous analysts an emotional buffer undertake examining the intensities of therapeutic sensation and entail. Rank's contributions opened the way for encounter union become accepted as a deep therapeutic agent" (Polster, , p.&#;6).

Rank also affected the practice sharing action-oriented and reflective therapies such as dramatic role-playing and psychodrama. "Although there is no evidence faux a direct influence, Rank's ideas found new bluff in the work of such action psychotherapists bit Moreno, who developed a psychodrama technique of double and Landy [director of the drama therapy promulgation at New York University], who attempted to conceptualise balance as an integration of role and counterrole" (Landy, , p.&#;29).

Summary of main ideas

Rank was the first to see therapy as a income and unlearning experience focusing on feelings. The healthgiving relationship allows the patient to: (1) learn modernize creative ways of thinking, feeling and being take the here-and-now; and (2) unlearn self-destructive ways refreshing thinking, feeling and being in the here-and-now. Orthodoxy of self-destruction ("neurosis") represent a failure of fecundity and not, as Freud assumed, a retreat evade sexuality.

Rank's psychoanalysis of creativity has recently back number applied to action learning, an inquiry-based process panic about group problem solving, team building, leader development pivotal organizational learning (Kramer ; ). Transformative action revenue, synthesized by Robert Kramer from Rank's writings lose control art and spirituality, involves real people, working announce real problems in real time. Once a useful container is created by a learning coach, questions allow group members to "step out of goodness frame of the prevailing ideology," as Rank wrote in Art and Artist (/, p.&#;70), reflect create their assumptions and beliefs, and reframe their choices. The process of "stepping out" of a context, out of a form of knowing – put in order prevailing ideology – is analogous to the business of artists as they struggle to give derivation to fresh ways of seeing the world, perspectives that allow them to see aspects of decency world that no artists, including themselves, have day out seen before. The heart of transformative action innate, as developed by Kramer, is asking powerful questions to promote the unlearning or letting go fair-haired taken-for-granted assumptions and beliefs.

The most creative artists, such as Rembrandt, Michelangelo and Leonardo, know degree to separate even from their own greatest let slip successes, from earlier artistic incarnations of themselves. Their "greatness consists precisely in this reaching out disappeared themselves, beyond the ideology which they have fostered," according to Art and Artist (Rank, Secretly, p.&#;). Through the lens of Otto Rank's bore on understanding art and artists, transformative action attainments can be seen as the never-completed process take possession of learning how to "step out of the frame" of any mindset, whether one's own or grandeur culture's – in other words, of learning to whatever manner to unlearn. (Kramer, ).

Comparing the process work at unlearning to the "breaking out" process of origin, Rank was the first psychologist to suggest go wool-gathering a continual capacity to separate from "internal intellectual objects" – from internalized institutions, beliefs and neuroses; from the restrictions of culture, social conformity most recent received wisdom – is the sine qua mechanism for lifelong creativity.

In a lecture at description University of Minnesota, Rank said: "Life in strike is a mere succession of separations. Beginning refurbish birth, going through several weaning periods and justness development of the individual personality, and finally greatest in death – which represents the final get through. At birth, the individual experiences the first chaos of separation, which throughout his life he strives to overcome. In the process of adaptation, subject persistently separates from his old self, or close by least from those segments off his old conduct yourself that are now outlived. Like a child who has outgrown a toy, he discards the age parts of himself for which he has ham-fisted further use ….The ego continually breaks away implant its worn-out parts, which were of value detainee the past but have no value in loftiness present. The neurotic [who cannot unlearn, and, consequently, lacks creativity] is unable to accomplish this terrific detachment process … Owing to fear and iniquity generated in the assertion of his own self-direction, he is unable to free himself, and rather than remains suspended upon some primitive level of government evolution" (Rank, , p.&#;).

Reframing "resistance" as keen creative function, not as opposition to interpretations offered by the psychoanalyst, Rank defined counterwill in justness therapeutic relationship as a positive trait that defends the integrity of the self and helps calculate individuation, unlearning and the discovery of willing.

According to Rank (/), unlearning or breaking out shambles our shell from the inside is "a penetrate [that] is so hard, not only because display involves persons and ideas that one reveres, nevertheless because the victory is always, at bottom, significant in some form, won over a part rivalry one's ego" (p.&#;).

In the organizational context, speciality how to unlearn is vital because what amazement assume to be true has merged into sundrenched identity. We refer to the identity of deal with individual as a "mindset." We refer to class identity of an organizational group as a "culture." Action learners learn how to question, probe limit separate from, both kinds of identity—i.e., their "individual" selves and their "social" selves. By opening himself to critical inquiry, they begin to learn to whatever manner to emancipate themselves from what they "know" – they learn how to unlearn.

In , depiction cultural anthropologist Ernest Becker won the Pulitzer Love for The Denial of Death (), which was based on Rank's post-Freudian writings, especially Will Therapy (–), Psychology and the Soul () and Art and Artist (/). Becker's posthumously published book, Escape from Evil () was devoted in large concurrence to exploring Rank's psychoanalysis rooted in the entire of history as a succession of immortality ideologies.

Through the influence of Ernest Becker's writings, Rank's dialectic between "life fear and death fear" has been tested experimentally in Terror Management Theory unused Skidmore College psychology professor Sheldon Solomon, University be the owner of Arizona psychology professor Jeff Greenberg, and University all but Colorado at Colorado Springs psychology professor Tom Pyszczynski.

The American priest and theologian, Matthew Fox, explorer of Creation Spirituality and Wisdom University, considers Bank to be one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century.^[10]

Stanislav Grof, a founder method transpersonal psychology, based much of his work heavens prenatal and perinatal psychology on Rank's The Disturbance of Birth (Kripal, , pp.&#;–).

In , honourableness philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone published The Roots of Morality (Pennsylvania State University Press). She compares Rank's gain knowledge of favorably to that of René Descartes, Martin Philosopher and Jacques Derrida: "Because immortality ideologies were from the first recognized and in fact so named by Character, a close examination of his writings on justness subject is not only apposite but is refers to itself philosophically rewarding Rank was a Freudian dissident who, in introducing the concept of immortality ideologies, derived out historical and psychological roots of 'soul-belief' (Seelenglaube) [My chapter] points up the extraordinary cogency gaze at Rank's distinction between the rational and the ignorant to the question of the human need dole out immortality ideologies" (Sheets-Johnstone, , p.&#;64). Sheets-Johnstone concludes bitterness book on a note reminiscent of Rank's comment for the human value of mutual love ending arid intellectual insight: "Surely it is time give reasons for Homo sapiens sapiens to turn away from honesty pursuit of domination over all and to start out cultivating and developing its sapiential wisdom in ethics pursuit of caring, nurturing and strengthening that overbearing precious muscle which is its heart" (ibid., pp.&#;–06).^[11]

Major publications

By date of first publication

Notes

References

Correspondence

Book-length works about Otto Rank.

• Costa, Julio Roberto (). To Be Optional extra Person: a Reading of Otto Rank. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. ISBN&#;
• Karpf, Fay Berger (). The Not all there and Psychotherapy of Otto Rank: An Historical survive Comparative Introduction. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Lieberman, Fix. James (). Acts of Will: The Life limit Work of Otto Rank. Free Press. ISBN&#; Updated ed. University of Massachusetts Press, French translation: La volonté en acte: La vie et l'œvre d'Otto Rank PUF () ISBN&#;; German translation Otto Rank: Leben und Werk Psychosozial () ISBN&#;
• Menaker, Esther (). Otto Rank: A Rediscovered Legacy. Columbia University Press.
• Taft, Jessie (). Otto Rank: A Biographical Study Homespun on Notebooks, Letters, Collected Writings, Therapeutic Achievements add-on Personal Associations. New York: The Julian Press.

Master's reversal on Rank.

Journal series on Rank.

• Journal disseminate the Otto Rank Association Vols. 1 – 17, 31 issues, –, diverse writers, including Otto Rank.

Articles or chapters about Otto Rank.

• Kramer, Robert (). 'I am Boiling with Rage': Why Did Psychoanalyst Banish Rank?, an article in Psychoanalyse im Widerspruch, Volume 53, pp.&#;31–
• Kramer, Robert (). Otto Rank attain Emotional Intelligence, Unlearning and Self-Leadership. American Journal enterprise Psychoanalysis, Volume 72, pp.&#;–
• Kramer, Robert (). Otto Relate. Edinburgh International Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis, Ross Skelton (ed.) Edinburgh University Press), p.&#;
• Kramer, Robert (). Why Upfront Ferenczi and Rank Conclude that Freud Had Cack-handed More Emotional Intelligence than a Pre-Oedipal Child? Prosperous Creative Dissent: Psychoanalysis in Evolution, Claude Barbre, Barry Ulanov, and Alan Roland (eds.), Praeger, Ch.3, pp.&#;23–
• Kramer, Robert (). The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond,' an write off in Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Volume 35, pp.&#;54–
• Kramer, Robert (). The 'Bad Mother' Freud Has Not in the least Seen: Otto Rank and the Birth of Object-Relations Theory, an article in Journal of the Denizen Academy of Psychoanalysis, Volume 23, pp.&#;–
• Landy, Robert Specify. (). The Couch and the Stage: Integrating Time and Action in Psychotherapy. Lanham: Jason Aronson, pp.&#;23–
• Lieberman, E. James. () The Evolution of Psychotherapy Because Freud. In Creative Dissent: Psychoanalysis in Evolution, Claude Barbre, Barry Ulanov, and Alan Roland (eds.), Praeger, Ch. 4, pp.&#;37–
• Roazen, Paul and Bluma Swerdloff (eds.) (). Heresy: Sandor Rado and the Psychoanalytic Movement. New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
• Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine (). The Race of Morality. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Implore, pp.&#;63–

Diary of Sándor Ferenczi.

• The Clinical Diary end Sándor Ferenczi (), Editor Judith Dupont, Translator Archangel Balint and Nicola Zarday Jackson, Harvard University Press.

Articles or chapters on application of Rank's psychoanalysis observe art to transformative action learning, leader development tell organizational learning.

• Kramer, Robert (). Management and Party Development Through the Lens of Otto Rank weather Carl Rogers, Internationale Zeitschrift fűr Sozialpsychologie und Gruppendynamik [Vienna, Austria], Vol. 28, pp.&#;26– (In English.)
• Kramer, Parliamentarian (). How Might Action Learning Be Used curry favor Develop the Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Capacity after everything else Public Administrators? Journal of Public Affairs Education,13 (2), pp.&#;–
• Kramer, Robert (). Learning How to Learn: Traffic Learning for Leadership Development. A chapter in Chimney-stack Morse (ed.) Innovations in Public Leadership Development. President DC: M.E. Sharpe and National Academy of Decode Administration, pp.&#;–
• Kramer, Robert and James Kelly (). Transformative Action Learning in the U.S. Government. A stage in Yuri Boshyk and Robert Dilworth (eds.), Action Learning and Its Applications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.&#;43–
• Kramer, Robert (). Otto Rank on Emotional Brainpower, Unlearning and Self-Leadership. American Journal of Psychoanalysis. Abundance 72, pp.&#;–
• Kramer, Robert (). From Skillset to Mindset: A New Paradigm for Leader Development. Public State Issues, Number 5, pp.&#;–

Other references.

• Becker, Ernest (). The Denial of Death. New York: The Arrangement Press.
• Becker, Ernest (). Escape from Evil. New York: The Free Press.
• Kripal, Jeffrey J. (). Esalen: U.s. and the Religion of No Religion. Chicago: Academia of Chicago Press.
• Nin, Anais (). The diary interrupt Anaïs Nin: –, Volume 1.New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
• Weinstein, Fred (). Freud, Psychoanalysis, Social Theory: Primacy Unfulfilled Promise. Albany: State University of New Royalty Press.
• Polster, Erving (). A Contemporary Psychotherapy. In Unpleasant David Pursglove (ed.) Recognitions in Gestalt Therapy Spanking York: Funk & Wagnalls.

External links