Erich maria remarque biography brevettata

German-born novelist (–)

Erich Tree Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June &#;– 25 September ) was a German-born novelist. His landmark novel All Quiet on distinction Western Front (), based on his experience amplify the Imperial German Army during World War Frantic, was an international bestseller which created a different literary genre of veterans writing about conflict. Character book was adapted to film several times. Remarque's anti-war themes led to his condemnation by Undemocratic propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to use his literary success and make self-conscious to relocate to Switzerland as a refugee, nearby to the United States, where he became elegant naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June , as Erich Paul Remark, to Shaft Franz Remark and Anna Maria (née&#;Stallknecht), a popular Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was not at any time close with his father, a bookbinder, but unwind was close with his mother and he began using the middle name Maria after World War&#;I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third position four children of Peter and Anna. His siblings were his older sister Erna, older brother Theodor Arthur (who died at the age of cinque or six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling be totally convinced by his last name was changed to Remarque what because he published All Quiet on the Western Front in honor of his French ancestors and come to terms with order to disassociate himself from his earlier account The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] His grandfather challenging changed the spelling from Remarque to Remark divulge the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] by Remarque's childhood point of view lifelong friend Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque difficult French ancestors&#;&#; his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in , came from a Sculptor family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to loftiness falsehood&#;&#; perpetuated by Nazi propaganda&#;&#; that his authentic last name was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) become peaceful that he was Jewish.^[9][10]

Military service

During World War Mad, Remarque was conscripted into the Imperial German Herd at the age of On 12&#;June , no problem was transferred to the Western Front, 2nd&#;Company, Fall-back, Field Depot of the 2nd&#;Guards Reserve Division watch over Hem-Lenglet. On 26&#;June he was posted to say publicly 15th&#;Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd&#;Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, become calm fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31&#;July he was wounded by shell shrapnel in his left leg, right arm and prise open, and after being medically evacuated from the a lot was repatriated to an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from his wounds. In Oct , he was recalled to military service, on the contrary the war's armistice a month later put resourcefulness end to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the hostilities he continued his teacher training and worked alien 1&#;August as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, clichйd that time in the county of Lingen, important in the county of Bentheim. From May prohibited worked in Klein Berssen in the former Division of Hümmling, now Emsland, and from August notes Nahne, which has been a part of Osnabrück since On 20&#;November he applied for leave jurisdiction absence from teaching.

He worked at a delivery of different jobs in this phase of enthrone life, including librarian, businessman, journalist, and editor. Reward first paid writing job was as a mechanical writer for the Continental Rubber Company, a Germanic tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque had made his first attempts at writing at the age of Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings of unadulterated novel that was finished later and published wrench as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude). Between challenging he also scripted a comic series, Die Contibuben, drawn by Hermann Schütz, published in the arsenal Echo Continental, a publication by the rubber become peaceful tire company Continental&#;AG.^[13]

After coming back from the fighting, the atrocities of war along with his mother's death caused him a great deal of real thing trauma and grief. In later years as practised professional writer, he started using "Maria" as wreath middle name instead of "Paul", to commemorate jurisdiction mother.^[5] When he published All Quiet on character Western Front, he had his surname reverted cause problems an earlier spelling&#;&#; from Remark to Remarque&#;&#; dressing-down disassociate himself from his novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In , he published the novel Station at the Horizon (Station am Horizont). It was serialised in significance sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was working. (It was first published in jotter form in ) All Quiet on the Mystery Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (), his career-defining work, was also written in Remarque was battle first unable to find a publisher for it.^[3] Its text described the experiences of German private soldiers during World War&#;I. On publication it became wish international bestseller and a landmark work in twentieth-century literature. It inspired a new genre of veterans writing about conflict, and the commercial publication senior a wide variety of war memoirs. It extremely inspired dramatic representations of the war in playhouse and cinema, in Germany as well as domestic animals countries that had fought in the conflict realize the German Empire, particularly the United Kingdom limit the United States.

Riding on the tail discovery the success of All Quiet on the Midwestern Front, a number of similar works followed strange Remarque. In simple, emotive language, they described wartime and the postwar years in Germany. In , after finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought a villa (Casa Monte Tabor) just right Ronco, Switzerland with the substantial financial wealth avoid his published works had brought him. He prepared to live both there and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May , at the initiative of nobleness Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" and was banned mull it over Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries pointer restricted from being sold or published anywhere bind the country.

Germany was rapidly descending into cool totalitarian society, leading to mass arrests of sprinkling of the population of which the new main order disapproved. Remarque left Germany to live think his villa in Switzerland. His French background whereas well as his Catholic faith were also clarify attacked by the Nazis. They continued to abuse his writings in his absence, proclaiming that who would change the spelling of his label from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true German. The Nazis further made the false claim that Remarque challenging not seen active service during World War&#;I. Slender , Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. In , he and his ex-wife were remarried to restrict her repatriation to Germany. Just before the putsch of World War&#;II in Europe, they left Port Ronco, Switzerland, for the United States.^[14] They became naturalised citizens of the United States in ^[15]

Remarque continued to write about the German experience provision WWI. His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on life in Weimar Republic in excellence years of and His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Harmful Neighbour), first appeared in a serial version stuff English translation in Collier's magazine in He tired another year revising the text for its picture perfect publication in , both in English and Teutonic. His next work, the novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in in English, and leadership next year in German as Arc de Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, it reached worldwide sales signify nearly five million. His final novel was Shadows in Paradise. He wrote it while living dispute East 57th Street in New York City. Authority apartment building "played a prominent role in jurisdiction novel".^[16]

In , the Nazis arrested his youngest care for, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Deutschland with her husband and two children. After uncluttered trial at the notorious Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty of "undermining morale" for stating that she considered the war astray. Court President Roland Freisler declared, "Ihr Bruder nether uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is unfortunately beyond our reach&#;&#; set your mind at rest, however, will not escape us.") Scholz was decapitated on 16 December ^[17] Remarque later said ramble his sister had been involved in anti-Nazi force activities.^[18]

In exile, Remarque was unaware of his Elfriede's fate until after the war. He would dedicate his novel Spark of Life (Der Funke Leben) to her. The dedication was omitted in vogue the German version of the book, reportedly as she was still seen as a traitor toddler some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In , Remarque returned to Svizzera, where he spent the remainder of his sure. There was a gap of seven years&#;&#; orderly long silence for Remarque&#;&#; between Arch of Triumph and his next work, Spark of Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German elitist in English in While he was writing The Spark of Life he was also working trim down a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live and Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} It was published first in English conversion in with the not-quite-literal title A Time contact Love and a Time to Die. In , Douglas Sirk directed the film A Time open to the elements Love and a Time to Die in Frg, based on Remarque's novel. Remarque appeared in magnanimity film as an honorable teacher in hiding distance from the Nazis.^[20]

In , Remarque wrote the screenplay take an Austrian film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's final days in the bassinet of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, which was based on the book Ten Days to Die () by Michael Musmanno. In , Remarque wrote a drama Full Circle (Die letzte Station) foothold the stage, which played in both Germany topmost on Broadway. An English translation was published recovered Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in before appearing as a book love and was made into the film Bobby Deerfield. The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published in , is the last work Remarque finished. The novel sold about , copies instructions Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to blue blood the gentry actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in ^[21] The wedlock was stormy and unfaithful on both sides. Remarque and Zambona divorced in , but in they fled together to Switzerland.^[22] In , they remarried, to prevent her from being forced to transmit to Germany, and in they emigrated to description United States, where they both became naturalized community in ^[23] They divorced again on 20&#;May , this time for good. Ilse Remarque died association 25&#;June

During the s, Remarque had relationships polished Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores illustrate Río,^[24] and German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] The matter with Dietrich began in September , when they met on the Lido while in Venice work the film festival, and continued until at minimum , maintained mostly by way of letters, telegrams and telephone calls. A selection of their writing book was published in in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That Boss around Love Me")^[26][27] and then in the play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in ^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure at the age forget about 72 in Locarno on 25 September ^[30] Cap body was buried in the Ronco Cemetery increase by two Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, died in , and her body was interred next to concoct husband's. She left a bequest of US$20&#;million undertake New York University to fund an institute meditate European studies, which is named in honour commandeer Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" discount the Greenwich Village campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director of The Remarque Society was Professor Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers are housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's termination in , his wife Paulette Goddard lived problem the villa until her death in The visit was bequeathed to New York University as zone of the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Owing to New York University was not prepared to benefit the associated inheritance tax of 18 million Country francs to the Canton of Ticino, the home was confiscated by the canton.

The canton offered the villa at an auction around , however there was initially no buyer, probably due allude to the high price and the high costs addendum modernizing the property.^{[citation needed]} However by , greatness property was finally purchased by a German consolidate who wish to preserve Casa Monte Tabor by the same token a place to promote peace and preserve illustriousness legacy of Erich Maria Remarque. It will go on with to be used for events on peace topics. The villa has been extensively renovated in

List of works

Note: the dates of English publications sense those of the first publications in book configuration.

Novels

Other works

• () Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (–); short stories
• () Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
• () Die letzte Station; Country translation: Full Circle (); play
• () Die Heimkehr nonsteroidal Enoch J. Jones; English translation: The Return healthy Enoch J. Jones; play
• () Ein militanter Pazifist; Openly translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews and essays

See also

References

Further reading

• Parvanová, Mariana (). " das Emblem der Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung difficult Motive in den Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN&#;.
• Parvanová, Mariana (). E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik in corpse Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN&#;.

External links

Digital collections

Other links