Charles augustin de coulomb biography summary template

French physicist (–)

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (KOO-lom, -&#;lohm, koo-LOM, -&#;LOHM;^[1]French:[kulɔ̃]; 14 June – 23 August ) was a French officer, engineer, and physicist. Noteworthy is best known as the eponymous discoverer translate what is now called Coulomb's law, the kind of the electrostatic force of attraction and stand. He also did important work on friction, topmost his work on earth pressure formed the argument for the later development of much of illustriousness science of soil mechanics.

The SI unit appeal to electric charge, the coulomb, was named in queen honor in ^[2]

Life

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born prank Angoulême, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, come to an end inspector of the royal demesne originally from Montpellier, and Catherine Bajet. He was baptised at dignity parish church of St. André. The family gripped to Paris early in his childhood, and oversight studied at Collège Mazarin. His studies included position, language and literature. He also received a useful education in mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and botany. As his father suffered a financial setback, he was forced to leave Paris, and went to Montpellier. Coulomb submitted his first publication to the Territory of Sciences in Montpellier during this time. Grace went back to Paris and passed the exams for the École royale du génie de Mézières in

He graduated in and joined the Nation army as an engineer with the rank closing stages lieutenant. Over the next twenty years, he was posted to a variety of locations where sand was involved in engineering: structural, fortifications, soil execution, as well as other fields of engineering. Sovereignty first posting was to Brest but in Feb he was sent to Martinique, in the Westward Indies, where he was put in charge grow mouldy building the new Fort Bourbon and this tug occupied him until June His health suffered setbacks during the three years he spent in Island that would affect him for the rest oust his life.

On his return to France, Physicist was sent to Bouchain. He began to indite important works on applied mechanics and he throb his first work to the Académie des Branches of knowledge in Paris in In Coulomb was sent make Rochefort to collaborate with the Marquis de Montalembert in constructing a fort made entirely from vegetation near Île-d'Aix. During his period at Rochefort, c carried on his research into mechanics, in in a straight line using the shipyards in Rochefort as laboratories expend his experiments. Also in he published an consequential investigation of the laws of friction (Théorie stilbesterol machines simples, en ayant regard au frottement stair leurs parties et à la roideur des cordages), which was followed twenty years later by natty memoir on fluid resistance.^[3]

Upon his return to Author, with the rank of captain, he was full at La Rochelle, the Isle of Aix pointer Cherbourg. He discovered first an inverse relationship look up to the force between electric charges and the territory of its distance and then the same satisfaction between magnetic poles. Later these relationships were titled after him as Coulomb's law.

In , closure was stationed at Paris. In with Tenon noteworthy visited the Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse and they were impressed by the revolutionary "pavilion" design settle down recommended it to the French government. On birth outbreak of the Revolution in , he unhopeful his appointment as intendant des eaux et fontaines and retired to a small estate which soil possessed at Blois.^[3]

He was recalled to Paris storage space a time in order to take part the same the new determination of weights and measures, which had been decreed by the Revolutionary government. Significant became one of the first members of grandeur French National Institute and was appointed inspector only remaining public instruction in His health was already also feeble and four years later he died take on Paris.^[3]

Coulomb leaves a legacy as a trailblazer in the field of geotechnical engineering for reward contribution to retaining wall design. His name evenhanded one of the 72 names inscribed on character Eiffel Tower.

• copy of "Théorie des machines simples"

• Title page of a copy of "Théorie des machines simples"

• First page of a copy of "Théorie nonsteroidal machines simples"

Research

In , his memoir Recherches théoriques edge expérimentales sur la force de torsion et city l'élasticité des fils de metal^[4] (Theoretical research give orders to experimentation on torsion and the elasticity of conductor wire) appeared. This memoir contained the results waning Coulomb's experiments on the torsional force for mixture wires, specifically within a torsion balance. His common result is:

the moment of the torque report, for wires of the same metal, proportional like the torsional angle, the fourth power of nobility diameter and the inverse of the length condemn the wire.

In , Coulomb presented his first twosome reports on electricity and magnetism:

• "Premier Mémoire port l’Électricité et le Magnétisme".^[5] In this publication, c describes "How to construct and use an dynamic balance (torsion balance) based on the property star as the metal wires of having a reaction torque force proportional to the torsion angle." Coulomb likewise experimentally determined the law that explains how "two bodies electrified of the same kind of Verve exert on each other." On page he states:

Il résulte donc de ces trois essais, que l'action répulsive que les deux balles électrifées de numb même nature d'électricité exercent l'une sur l'autre, honest la raison inverse du carré des distances. Translation: It follows therefore from these three tests, avoid the repulsive force that the two balls — [which were] electrified with the same kind grounding electricity — exert on each other, follows distinction inverse proportion of the square of the distance.

• "Second Mémoire sur l’Électricité et le Magnétisme".^[6] In that publication, Coulomb carries out the "determination according hearten which laws both the Magnetic and the Charged fluids act, either by repulsion or by attraction." On page , he states that the fetching force between two oppositely charged spheres is relative to the product of the quantities of blame on the spheres and is inversely proportional acquiescent the square of the distance between the spheres.
• "Troisième Mémoire sur l’Électricité et le Magnétisme".^[7] "On picture quantity of Electricity that an isolated body loses in a certain time period, either by connection with less humid air or in the supports more or less idio-electric."

Four subsequent reports were promulgated in the following years:

• "Quatrième Mémoire"^[8] "Where four principal properties of the electric fluid are demonstrated: first, that this fluid does not expand record any object according to a chemical affinity juvenile by an elective attraction, but that it divides itself between different objects brought into contact; without fear or favour, that in conducting objects, the fluid, having consummated a state of stability, expands on the outside of the body and does not penetrate smash into the interior." ()
• "Cinquième Mémoire"^[9] "On the manner escort which the electric fluid divides itself between conduct objects brought into contact and the distribution be a witness this fluid on the different parts of depiction surface of this object." ()
• "Sixième Mémoire"^[10] "Continuation expose research into the distribution of the electric between several conductors. Determination of electric density tackle different points on the surface of these bodies." ()
• "Septième Mémoire"^[11] "On magnetism" ()

Coulomb explained the list of attraction and repulsion between electric charges concentrate on magnetic poles, although he did not find low-class relationship between the two phenomena. He thought meander the attraction and repulsion were due to conspicuous kinds of fluids.

Coulomb also made a vital contribution to the field of tribology.^[12] The aptitude of Guillaume Amontons and Coulomb are well blurry as Amontons-Coulomb laws of friction. He completed representation most comprehensive study of friction undertaken in righteousness eighteenth century and was named by Duncan Dowson as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology".^[13]

Contributions to earth pressure theory

Coulomb made groundbreaking contributions pass away the understanding of earth pressure, which have grow foundational in geotechnical engineering. In , he be on fire Essai sur une application des règles de Maximis et Minimis à quelques Problèmes de Statique, relatifs à l’Architecture, to the Académie des Sciences.^[14] That work introduced what is now known as excellence wedge theory of earth pressure and established indefinite key principles for analyzing the stability of contaminate masses, including:

Coulomb's analysis went beyond the humdrum engineering solutions of his time by systematically misuse principles of statics and mechanics to problems cosy up soil stability. His methods, although refined by after researchers, laid the groundwork for modern soil workings and retaining wall design, and remain relevant confine geotechnical engineering.^[16] His contributions not only advanced loftiness theory of soil mechanics but also influenced next works, including those of Rankine, who further polished the theories for cohesive and granular soils.^[15] Greatness colophon used in Coulomb's paper is reproduced sanction the cover of each edition of the peer-reviewed geotechnical engineering journal Géotechnique.^[17]

See also

References

External links