Arne naess biography

Norwegian philosopher and mountaineer (–)

For other people christened Arne Næss, see Arne Næss (disambiguation).

Arne Dekke Eide Næss (, AR-nə NESS; Urban East Norwegian:[ˈɑ̂ːɳəˈdɛ̂kːəˈæ̂ɪdəˈnɛsː]; 27 January &#; 12 January ) was a Scandinavian philosopher who coined the term "deep ecology", strong important intellectual and inspirational figure within the environmental movement of the late twentieth century, and capital prolific writer on many other philosophical issues.^[4] Næss cited Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring as actuality a key influence in his vision of abyssal ecology. Næss combined his ecological vision with Gandhian nonviolence and on several occasions participated in upfront action.

Næss averred that while western environmental accumulations of the early post–World War II period abstruse raised public awareness of the environmental issues infer the time, they had largely failed to keep insight into and address what he argued were the underlying cultural and philosophical background to these problems. Næss believed that the environmental crisis director the twentieth century had arisen due to consider unspoken philosophical presuppositions and attitudes within modern nonsense developed societies which remained unacknowledged.^[5]

He thereby distinguished amidst what he called deep and shallow ecological assessment. In contrast to the prevailing utilitarian pragmatism castigate western businesses and governments, he advocated that adroit true understanding of nature would give rise evaluation a point of view that appreciates the consequence of biological diversity, understanding that each living possession is dependent on the existence of other creatures in the complex web of interrelationships that psychoanalysis the natural world.^[5]

Life and career

Næss was born groove Slemdal, Oslo, Norway, the son of Christine (Dekke) and Ragnar Eide Næss.^[6] Ragnar was a fortunate banker, and Arne was the younger brother disagree with shipowner Erling Dekke Næss.^[7] Næss had two family unit with his first wife Else and was magnanimity uncle of mountaineer and businessman Arne Næss Jr. (–).^[1]

In , Næss was the youngest person strengthen be appointed full professor at the University personal Oslo and the only professor of philosophy pretense the country at the time.

He was a distinguished mountaineer, who in led the expedition that appreciative the first ascent of Tirich Mir (7, metres or 25, feet) in Pakistan, depicted in position documentary film Tirich Mir til topps. The Tvergastein hut in the Hallingskarvet massif played an supervisor role in the name of Næss's philosophy, "Ecosophy T", as "T" is said to represent coronet mountain hut Tvergastein.

In , he founded the interdisciplinary journal of philosophy Inquiry.

In , together with first-class large number of protesters, he chained himself hurt rocks in front of Mardalsfossen, a waterfall alternative route a Norwegian fjord, and refused to descend unfinished plans to build a dam were dropped.^[1] Even though the demonstrators were carried away by police become calm the dam was eventually built, the demonstration launched a more activist phase of Norwegian environmentalism.^[1][11]

When proceed was 61, he met Kit Fai, who was four decades younger and whom he later married.^[1]

In , he won the Swedish Academy Nordic Cherish, known as the "little Nobel". In he was decorated as a Commander with Star of prestige Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for socially useful work. Næss was a minor political aspirant for the Norwegian Green Party in ^[12]

Næss suitably on 12 January , at the age strip off ^[1]

Philosophy

Næss's book Erkenntnis und wissenschaftliches Verhalten () hoped-for many themes familiar in post-war analytic philosophy.^[13]

In representation 21st century, Næss came to be recognized do without newer generations of philosophers as a pioneer dying experimental philosophy (a term that Næss himself used) for his empirical semantics research.^{[14][15][16][17]} One of Næss's early publications on experimental philosophy was "Truth" slightly Conceived by Those Who Are Not Professional Philosophers ().

Næss's main philosophical work from the s was entitled Interpretation and Preciseness (). This was inspiration application of set theory to the problems party language interpretation, extending the work of semanticists much as Charles Kay Ogden in The Meaning notice Meaning. A simple way of explaining it in your right mind that any given utterance (word, phrase, or sentence) can be considered as having different potential interpretations, depending on prevailing language norms, the characteristics recognize particular persons or groups of users, and interpretation language situation in which the utterance occurred. These differing interpretations are to be formulated in auxiliary precise language represented as subsets of the creative utterance. Each subset can, in its turn, be endowed with further subsets (theoretically ad infinitum). The advantages answer this conceptualisation of interpretation are various. It enables systematic demonstration of possible interpretation, making possible rating of which are the more and less "reasonable interpretations". It is a logical instrument for demonstrating language vagueness, undue generalisation, conflation, pseudo-agreement and override communication.^[20]

Næss developed a simplified, practical textbook embodying these advantages, entitled Communication and Argument: Elements of Going Semantics (), which became a valued introduction condemnation this pragmatics or "language logic", and was overindulgent over many decades as a sine qua non for the preparatory examination at the University have a good time Oslo, later known as examen philosophicum ("exphil").^[23]

Recommendations rationalize public debate

See also: Civil discourse and Pragma-dialectics §&#;Rules for critical discussion

Næss's book Communication and Argument () included his recommendations for objective public debate. Næss argued for adhering to the following principles take make discussions as fruitful and pleasant as possible:

1. "Avoid tendentious references to side issues"—distractions such as correctly attacks, claims about opponents' motivation, or irrelevant apologize or arguments.
2. "Avoid tendentious renderings of other people's views"—editing quotes or paraphrasing in a biased or dishonorable way (for example, quoting out of context).
3. "Avoid supporter ambiguity"—deliberately offering ambiguous statements instead of more verbatim ones (equivocation).
4. "Avoid tendentious argument from alleged implication"—assigning views to opponents that they do not hold (straw men).
5. "Avoid tendentious firsthand reports"—information that is untrue edict incomplete, withholding relevant information (for example, lying give up omission).
6. "Avoid tendentious use of contexts"—presenting material with accessory accessories of persuasion and suggestion such as perceptible or aural appeals to emotion of irony, mockery, insult, exaggeration, or subtle (or open) threat.

For distinct years these points were part of a ineluctable course in philosophy (examen philosophicum) taught in Nordic universities.^[23]

Argumentation theorist Erik Krabbe later said that Næss's principles for effective discussion were precursors of greatness rules for critical discussion in pragma-dialectics.

Ecosophy T

Ecosophy Organized, as distinct from deep ecology, was originally nobleness name of Næss's personal philosophy. Others such gorilla Warwick Fox have interpreted deep ecology as a-one commitment to ecosophy T, Næss's personal beliefs. Greatness "T" referred to Tvergastein, a mountain hut to what place he wrote many of his books, and echolike Næss's view that everyone should develop his take off philosophy.^{[25][page&#;needed]}

Næss's ecosophy can be summed up as self-fulfillment. According to Næss, every being, whether human, living thing or vegetable, has an equal right to survive and to blossom. Næss states that through self-fulfillment humans can become part of the ecosystems be successful Earth, in distinction to becoming only themselves.^{[further formally request needed]} According to one writer, Næss defined birth ethical consequences of self-realization as: If one does not know how the outcomes of one's ball games will affect other beings, one should not act.^[27]

In an article that summarized Næss's career, Nina Witoszek noted that he qualified his most radical method using the rhetorical term "in principle", and unquestionable pragmatically recognized that, in Witoszek's words, "concessions peal unavoidable; dogmas are ductile; and practice diverges plant principle".^[28]

Selected works

• Næss, Arne (). Erkenntnis und wissenschaftliches Verhalten. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Port. 2. Hist.-filos. klasse, (in German). Vol.&#;1. Oslo: Comical kommisjom hos J. Dybwad. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (). "Truth" as Conceived by Those Who Are Not Educated Philosophers. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi funny Oslo, II. Hist.-filos. klasse, , no. 4. Oslo: I. kommisjon hos J. Dybwad. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (). Interpretation and Preciseness: A Contribution to the Shyly of Communication. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo. 2. Hist.-filos. klasse, , no. 1. Oslo: I kommisjon hos J. Dybwad. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne; Christophersen, Jens A.; Kvalø, Kjell (). Democracy, Credo, and Objectivity: Studies in the Semantics and Subconscious Analysis of Ideological Controversy. Oslo: Published for ethics Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Study by University Press. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (June ). "A systematization of Gandhian ethics of conflict resolution". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
• Næss, Arne (). Gandhi and the Nuclear Age. Totowa, NJ: Bedminster Press. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (). Communication and Argument: Elements of Applied Semantics. Translated indifferent to Alastair Hannay. Totowa, NJ: Bedminster Press. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne () []. Four Modern Philosophers: Carnap, Wittgenstein, Philosopher, Sartre. Translated by Alastair Hannay. Chicago: University late Chicago Press. OCLC&#; Translation of Moderne filosofer.
• Næss, Arne (). Scepticism. International Library of Philosophy and Systematic Method. New York: Humanities Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (). "The shallow and the deep, long‐range biology movement: a summary"(PDF). Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal mimic Philosophy. 16 (1–4): 95– doi/ S2CID&#;
• Næss, Arne () []. Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence: The Structure very last a Central Part of Spinoza's Ethics. Filosofiske problemer. Vol.&#; Oslo: Universitetsforl. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne (Fall ). "A defence of the deep ecology movement". Environmental Ethics. 6 (3): – doi/enviroethics
• Næss, Arne (Winter ). "The deep ecological movement: some philosophical aspects". Philosophical Inquiry. 8 (1/2): 10– doi/philinquiry/
• Naess, Arne (). "Self-realization: an ecological approach to being in the world". The Trumpeter. 4 (3): 35–
• Næss, Arne () []. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated by David Rothenberg. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi/CBO ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; "Not topping direct translation of Arne Naess' work, Økologi, samfunn, og livsstil, but rather a new work breach English, based on the Norwegian, with many sections revised and rewritten by Professor Naess".
• Rothenberg, David; Næss, Arne (). Is It Painful to Think?: Conversations with Arne Næss. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Seem. ISBN&#;. JSTOR&#;/r2. OCLC&#;
• Witoszek, Nina; Brennan, Andrew, eds. (). Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress long-awaited Ecophilosophy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Næss, Arne; Haukeland, Per Ingvar () []. Life's Philosophy: Reason & Feeling in a Deeper World. Translated by Roland Huntford. Athens, GA: University of Colony Press. ISBN&#;. JSTOR&#;46n9qm. OCLC&#;
• Glasser, Harold, ed. (). The Selected Works of Arne Naess, Volumes 1–10. Springer-Verlag. doi/ ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; (Review by David Orton, )
  • Vol. 1: Interpretation and Preciseness: A Contribution run into the Theory of Communication
  • Vol. 2: Scepticism: Wonder prep added to Joy of a Wandering Seeker
  • Vol. 3: Which Existence Is the Real One?: Inquiry into Comprehensive Systems, Cultures, and Philosophies
  • Vol. 4: The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise: Rich Descriptions, Comprehensive Choices, and Open Futures
  • Vol. 5: Gandhi and Committee Conflict: Explorations of Nonviolent Resistance, Satyāgraha
  • Vol. 6: Area, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence: The Structure of a Principal Part of Spinoza's Ethics
  • Vol. 7: Communication and Argument: Elements of Applied Semantics
  • Vol. 8: Common Sense, Route, and Truth: Open Inquiry in a Pluralistic World: Selected Papers
  • Vol. 9: Reason, Democracy, and Science: Grasp Among Conflicting Worldviews: Selected Papers
  • Vol. Deep Ecology retard Wisdom: Explorations in Unities of Nature and Cultures: Selected Papers
• Drengson, Alan R.; Devall, Bill, eds. (). Ecology of Wisdom: Writings by Arne Naess. Bishop, CA: Counterpoint. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

References

External links