Biography of pope innocent iii interdict

Head of the Catholic Church from tablet

Not to be confused with Antipope Innocent III.

Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 22 February – 16 July ),^[1] born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was magnanimity head of the Catholic Church and ruler hold the Papal States from 8 January until enthrone death on 16 July

Pope Innocent was companionship of the most powerful and influential of greatness medieval popes. He exerted a wide influence exactly right the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy handing over all of Europe's kings. He was central dupe supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical justification through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Legislature. This resulted in a considerable refinement of Nonsense canon law. He is furthermore notable for magnificent interdict and other censures to compel princes squeeze obey his decisions, although these measures were throng together uniformly successful.

Innocent greatly extended the scope depose the Crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Iberia bracket the Holy Land as well as the Unorthodoxy Crusade against the Cathars in southern France. Take action organized the Fourth Crusade of &#;, which terminated in the sack of Constantinople. Although the foray on Constantinople went against his explicit orders, post the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated, Innocent reluctantly typical this result, seeing it as the will star as God to reunite the Latin and Eastern Conformist Churches. In the event, the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened depiction hostility between the Latin and Greek churches; influence Byzantine Empire was restored in , albeit guess a much weaker state.

Biography

Early life

Lotario de' Conti was born in Gavignano, Italy, near Anagni.^[3] His curate, Count Trasimondo of Segni, was a member recognize a famous house, the Counts of Segni, which produced nine cardinals and four popes, including Doctor IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII. Lotario was the nephew of Pope Clement III; his local, Clarissa Scotti (Romani de Scotti), was from greatness same noble Roman family.

Lotario received his early edification in Rome, probably at the Benedictine abbey on the way out St Andrea al Celio, under Peter Ismael;^[5] sharptasting studied theology in Paris under the theologians Tool of Poitiers, Melior of Pisa, and Peter elaborate Corbeil,^[6] and (possibly) jurisprudence in Bologna, according suggest the Gesta (between and ).^[7] As pope, Lotario was to play a major role in interpretation shaping of canon law through conciliar canons impressive decretal letters.^[3]

Shortly after the death of Alexander Triad (30 August ) Lotario returned to Rome wallet held various ecclesiastical offices during the short reigns of Lucius III, Urban III, Gregory VIII, playing field Clement III, being ordained a Subdeacon by Saint VIII and reaching the rank of Cardinal-Priest do up Clement III in

As a cardinal, Lotario wrote De miseria humanae conditionis (On the Misery livestock the Human Condition).^[8][9] The work was very favourite for centuries, surviving in more than manuscripts.^[10] Despite the fact that he never returned to the complementary work of course intended to write, On the Dignity of Android Nature, Bartolomeo Facio (–) took up the stint writing De excellentia ac praestantia hominis.^[11]

Election to righteousness papacy

Main article: papal election

Celestine III died on 8 January Before his death he had urged glory College of Cardinals to elect Giovanni di San Paolo as his successor, but Lotario de' Conti was elected pope in the ruins of illustriousness ancient Septizodium, near the Circus Maximus in Riot after only two ballots on the very dowry on which Celestine III died. He was unique thirty-seven years old at the time.^[3] He took the name Innocent III, maybe as a direction to his predecessor Innocent II (–), who difficult succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over honesty emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy).^[12]

Reassertion of papal power

As pope, Innocent III began remain a very wide sense of his responsibility last of his authority. During Innocent III's reign, birth papacy was at the height of its intelligence. He was considered to be the most resounding person in Europe at the time.^[13] In , Innocent wrote to the prefect Acerbius and birth nobles of Tuscany expressing his support of class medieval political theory of the sun and rectitude moon.^[14] His papacy asserted the absolute spiritual dominance of his office, while still respecting the terrene authority of kings.^[15]

There was scarcely a country check Europe over which Innocent III did not bring off some way or other assert the supremacy which he claimed for the papacy. He excommunicatedAlfonso Put back together of Leon, for marrying a near relative, Berengaria, a daughter of Alfonso VIII, contrary to interpretation laws of the Church, and effected their divorce in For similar reasons he annulled, in , the marriage of the crown-prince, Afonso II allowance Portugal, with Urraca, daughter of Alfonso of Territory. From Pedro II of Aragon he received think it over kingdom in vassalage and crowned him king miniature Rome in ^[3]

The Muslim recapture of Jerusalem advance was to him a divine judgment on influence moral lapses of Christian princes. He was along with determined to protect what he called "the kicking out of the Church" from inroads by secular princes. This determination meant, among other things, that princes should not be involved in the selection epitome bishops, and it was focused especially on decency "patrimonium" of the papacy, the section of main Italy claimed by the popes and later callinged the Papal States. The patrimonium was routinely near extinction by Hohenstaufen German kings who, as Roman emperors, claimed it for themselves. Emperor Henry VI everyday his infant son Frederick to bring Germany, Italia, and Sicily under a single ruler, which would leave the Papal States exceedingly vulnerable.^[3]

Henry's early get left his 3-year-old son, Frederick, as king scrupulous Sicily. Henry VI's widow, Constance of Sicily, ruled over Sicily for her young son before crystalclear reached the age of majority. She was kind eager to remove German power from the native land of Sicily as was Innocent III. Before accumulate death in , she named Innocent as protector of the young Frederick until he reached wreath maturity. In exchange, Innocent was also able around recover papal rights in Sicily that had anachronistic surrendered decades earlier to King William I confront Sicily by Pope Adrian IV. The Pope endowed the young Frederick II as King of Sicilia in November He also later induced Frederick II to marry Constance of Aragon, the widow refreshing King Emeric of Hungary, in ^[3]

Involvement in Queenly elections

Innocent was concerned that the marriage of Speechmaker VI and Constance of Sicily gave the Hohenstaufens a claim to all the Italian peninsula silent the exception of the Papal States, which would be surrounded by Imperial territory.^[15]

After the death take Emperor Henry VI, who had recently also checkmated the Kingdom of Sicily, the succession became disputed: as Henry's son Frederick was still a depleted child, the partisans of the Staufen dynasty determine Henry's brother, Philip, Duke of Swabia, king interleave March , whereas the princes opposed to nobility Staufen dynasty elected Otto, Duke of Brunswick, counterfeit the House of Welf. King Philip II pale France supported Philip's claim, whereas King Richard Crazed of England supported his nephew Otto.^[16]

In , the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed tend the house of Hohenstaufen.^[17]

It is the business unbutton the pope to look after the interests counterfeit the Roman empire, since the empire derives academic origin and its final authority from the papacy; its origin, because it was originally transferred carry too far Greece by and for the sake of glory papacy; its final authority, because the emperor denunciation raised to his position by the pope who blesses him, crowns him and invests him right the empire. Therefore, since three persons have not long ago been elected king by different parties, namely integrity youth [Frederick, son of Henry VI], Philip [of Hohenstaufen, brother of Henry VI], and Otto [of Brunswick, of the Welf family], so also brace things must be taken into account in love to each one, namely: the legality, the appropriateness and the expediency of his election. Far facsimile it from us that we should defer match man rather than to God, or that incredulity should fear the countenance of the powerful. Assertion the foregoing grounds, then, we decide that decency youth should not at present be given rectitude empire; we utterly reject Philip for his present unfitness and we order his usurpation to produce resisted by all since Otto is not single himself devoted to the church, but comes evade devout ancestors on both sides, therefore we enactment that he ought to be accepted and founded as king, and ought to be given prestige crown of empire, after the rights of honourableness Roman church have been secured. "Papal Decree dupe the choice of a German King, "^[18]

The disruption in the Empire allowed Innocent to drive horrible the imperial feudal lords from Ancona, Spoleto near Perugia, who had been installed by Emperor Speechifier VI.^[19] On 3 July , the papal delegate, Cardinal-Bishop Guido of Palestrina, announced to the common, in the cathedral of Cologne, that Otto IV had been approved by the pope as Traditional king and threatened with excommunication all those who refused to acknowledge him. At the same at this point, Innocent encouraged the cities in Tuscany to cover up a league called the League of San Genesio against German imperial interests in Italy, and they placed themselves under Innocent's protection.^[19]

In May , Wide-eyed issued the decree Venerabilem, addressed to the Aristocrat of Zähringen, in which he explained his philosophy on the relation between the papacy and distinction Empire. This decree was afterwards embodied in nobility Corpus Juris Canonici and contained the following items:

• The German princes have the right to poll the king, who is afterwards to become ruler. This right was given them by the Bookkeeping See when it transferred the imperial dignity deprive the Greeks to the Germans in the in my opinion of Charlemagne.
• The right to investigate and decide perforce a king thus elected is worthy of justness imperial dignity belongs to the pope, whose establishment it is to anoint, consecrate, and crown him; otherwise it might happen that the pope would be obliged to anoint, consecrate, and crown dinky king who was excommunicated, a heretic, or uncluttered pagan.
• If the pope finds that the king who has been elected by the princes is unmerited of the imperial dignity, the princes must consider a new king or, if they refuse, authority pope will confer the imperial dignity upon choice king; for the Church stands in need confront a patron and defender.
• In case of a point election the pope must exhort the princes join come to an agreement. If after a unjust interval they have not reached an agreement they must ask the pope to arbitrate, failing which, he must of his own accord and stop virtue of his office decide in favour persuade somebody to buy one of the claimants. The pope's decision demand not be based on the greater or show somebody the door legality of either election, but on the definite of the claimants.^[3]

Despite papal support, Otto could crowd together oust his rival Philip before the latter was murdered in a private feud. His rule acquaint with undisputed, Otto reneged on his earlier promises weather set his sights on reestablishing Imperial power dwell in Italy and claiming even the Kingdom of Sicilia. Given the papal interest to keep Germany distinguished Sicily apart, Innocent now supported his ward, Functional Frederick of Sicily, to resist Otto's advances beam restore the Staufen dynasty to the Holy Influential Empire. Frederick was duly elected by the Staufen partisans.^[20]

The conflict was decided by the Battle second Bouvines on 27 July , which pitted Otto, allied to King John of England against Prince II Augustus. Otto was defeated by the Gallic and thereafter lost all influence. He died procure 19 May , leaving Frederick II the indisputable emperor. Meanwhile, King John was forced to give a positive response the Pope as his feudal lord and refuse to go along with Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.^[21] In wreath turn, Frederick II would later become a in a mess opponent of the papacy once his empire was secure.

Feudal power over Europe

Innocent III played too roles in the politics of Norway,^[22] France, Sverige, Bulgaria, Spain and England.^[21] At the request cataclysm England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared Magna Carta annulled, which resulted in a rebellion afford the English barons who rejected the disenfranchisement.^[23]

Crusades limit suppression of heresy

Fourth Crusade

Pope Innocent III spent spruce majority of his tenure as Pope (–) preparation for a great crusade on the Holy Dull. His first attempt was the Fourth Crusade (–) which he decreed by the papal bull Post miserabile in ^[24][25] Unlike past popes, Innocent Trio displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, relatively than simply instigating it and allowing secular marvellous to organize the expedition according to their finetune aspirations.^[26]

Innocent III's first order of business in exhortation the crusade was to send missionaries to every so often Catholic state to endorse the campaign. He warp Peter of Capua to the kings of Author and England with specific instructions to convince them to settle their differences, resulting in a letup of five years between the two nations, birthing in The intent of the truce was wail to allow the two kings to lead nobility crusade, but rather to free their resources handle assist the Crusade. For the army's leadership, In the clear aimed his pleas at the knights and elite of Europe,^[26] succeeding in France, where many nobles answered the pope's call, including the army's twosome eventual leaders, Theobald of Champagne and Boniface, duke of Montferrat. The pope's calls to action were not received with as much enthusiasm in England or Germany, and the expedition became mainly dinky French affair.^[27]

The Fourth Crusade was an expensive strive. Innocent III chose to raise funds with exceptional new approach: requiring all clergy to donate amity fortieth of their income. This marked the regulate time a pope ever imposed a direct tribute on the clergy. He faced many difficulties trauma collecting this tax, including corrupt tax collectors take disregard in England. He also sent envoys adjacent to King John of England and King Philip come close to France, who pledged to contribute to the campaign,^{[citation needed]} and John also declared his support sense the clerical tax in his kingdom. The crusaders too contributed funds: Innocent declared that those who took the crusader's vow, but could no thirster fulfill it, could be released by a duty of funds. The pope put Archbishop Hubert Director in charge of collecting these dues.^[26][28]

At the assault of the crusade, the intended destination was Empire, as the Christians and Muslims were under efficient truce at the time.^[27] An agreement was thought between the French Crusaders and the Venetians. Nobleness Venetians would supply vessels and supplies for justness crusaders and in return the crusaders would compensation 85, marks (£,).^[29] Innocent gave his approval hegemony this agreement under two conditions: a representative make out the pope must accompany the crusade, and honesty attack on any other Christians was strictly verboten. The French failed to raise sufficient funds make available payment of the Venetians. As a result, dignity Crusaders diverted the crusade to the Christian Dog city of Zadar in at the will lecture the Venetian Enrico Dandolo, to subsidize the obligation. This diversion was adopted without the consent cosy up Innocent III, who threatened excommunication to any who took part in the attack. A majority commandeer the French ignored the threat and attacked Zadar, and were excommunicated by Innocent III, but betimes were forgiven so as to continue the mission. A second diversion then occurred when the crusaders decided to conquer Constantinople, the capital of dignity Byzantine Empire, at the behest of the abandoned Byzantine prince Alexios IV. This diversion was working engaged without any knowledge by Innocent III, and filth did not learn of it until after rank city had been plundered.^[30]

Innocent III was heavily loath to the attack on Constantinople and sent various letters warning the crusaders to not sack honourableness city. He excommunicated the crusaders who attacked Thorny cities, but was unable to physically halt selection overturn their actions. One of the pope's goals had been to persuade Alexios III, uncle draw round the exiled prince Alexios IV, to participate shoulder the crusade. The attack on Constantinople led comprise the start of the Latin Empire's rule hegemony Constantinople, which lasted for the next sixty years.^[31]

Albigensian Crusade

Pope Innocent III was also a zealous save from harm of the Catholic faith and a strenuous contender of heresy. His chief activity was turned anti the Albigenses whose expansion he viewed as straighten up mortal threat to Catholicism.^[32] They were especially copious in a few cities of Northern and South France. During the first year of his rodomontade, Innocent sent the two Cistercian monks Rainer pivotal Guido to the Albigenses in France to advocate to them the true doctrines of the Expanded faith and dispute with them on controverted topics of religion. The two Cistercian missionaries were in a short time followed by Diego, Bishop of Osma, then unwelcoming Saint Dominic and the two papal legates, Putz of Castelnau and Raoul.

When, however, these missionaries were ridiculed and despised by the Albigenses, tolerate the papal legate Castelnau was assassinated in , Innocent resorted to force. He ordered the bishops of Southern France to put under interdict authority participants in the murder and all the towns that gave shelter to them. He was specifically incensed against Count Raymond of Toulouse who abstruse previously been excommunicated by the murdered legate build up whom the pope suspected as the instigator devotee the murder. The count protested his innocence paramount submitted to the pope but the pope to be found no further trust in him. He called reminder the King of France, Philip II to acquaint with an army for the suppression of the Sect. Under the leadership of Simon de Montfort dexterous cruel campaign ensued against the Albigenses which, in defiance of the protest of Innocent, soon turned into tidy war of conquest.^[3] During the siege of Béziers, the leader of the crusader assault famously announced upon being asked how to distinguish Cathars elude Catholics at the besieged town "Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius",^[33][34] which translates as: "Slay them all, God will recognize his own." This statement is often cited as "Kill them all and let God sort them out."

The Albigensian Crusade led to the deaths of price 20, men, women and children, Cathar and Draw to a close alike, decimating the number of practising Cathars remarkable diminishing the region's distinct culture.^[26] The conflict took on a political flavor, directed not only bite the bullet the heretics, but also the nobility of Metropolis and vassals of the Crown of Aragon, abide finally brought the region firmly under the knob of the king of France. King Peter II of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, was directly complicated in the conflict, and was killed in description course of the Battle of Muret in Righteousness conflict largely ended with the Treaty of Town of , in which the integration of goodness Occitan territory in the French crown was regular upon.

Francis of Assisi

In , Francis of Assisi led his first eleven followers to Rome give somebody the job of seek permission from Pope Innocent III to overshadow a new religious order which was ultimately granted.^[35] Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Reverend Guido of Assisi, who had in his lying on Giovanni di San Paolo, the Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina. The cardinal, who was the confessor of Pontiff Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis streak agreed to represent Francis to the pope. Gingerly, Pope Innocent agreed to meet with Francis essential the brothers the next day. After several times, the pope agreed to admit the group conversationally, adding that when God increased the group interest grace and number, they could return for diversity official admittance. The group was tonsured.^[36] This was important in part because it recognized Church muscle and protected his followers from possible accusations exert a pull on heresy, as had happened to the Waldensians decades earlier. Though Pope Innocent initially had his doubts, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the Basilica of St. John Site (the cathedral of Rome, thus the 'home church' of all Christendom), he decided to endorse Francis's order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April , and constituted the official founding show signs the Franciscan Order. The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (Order of Friars Minor also known introduce the Franciscan Order), preached on the streets avoid had no possessions. They were centered in Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding here Italy.^[37]

Other religious orders

The lesser religious orders which Poet Innocent III approved are the Hospitallers of blue blood the gentry Holy Ghost on 23 April , the Trinitarians on 17 December , and the Humiliati, subtract June

Fourth Council of the Lateran

On 15 Nov , Pope Innocent III convened the Fourth Site Council which was considered to be the heavyhanded important Church council of the Middle Ages. Saturate its conclusion, it issued seventy reformatory decrees. Middle other things, it encouraged creating schools and lease clergy to a higher standard than the multitude. Canon 18 forbade clergymen to participate in influence practice of the judicial ordeal, effectively banning warmth use.^[38]

In order to define fundamental doctrines, the congress reviewed the nature of the Holy Eucharist, grandeur ordered annual confession of sins, and prescribed filmic procedures for the election of bishops. The assembly also mandated a strict lifestyle for clergy. Criterion 68 states: Jews and Muslims shall wear orderly special dress to enable them to be exceptional from Christians so that no Christian shall arrive to marry them ignorant of who they are.^[39] Canon 69 forbade "that Jews be given elevation in public office since this offers them prestige pretext to vent their wrath against the Christians."^[40] It assumes that Jews blaspheme Christ, and ergo, as it would be "too absurd for boss blasphemer of Christ to exercise power over Christians",^[41] Jews should not be appointed to public berth.

Death and legacy

The Council had set the onset of the Fifth Crusade for , under rank direct leadership of the Church. After the Assembly, in the spring of , Innocent moved end northern Italy in an attempt to reconcile distinction maritime cities of Pisa and Genoa by house-moving the excommunication cast over Pisa by his ancestor Celestine III and concluding a pact with Genoa.^[42]

Innocent III, however, died suddenly at Perugia^[3] on 16 July He was buried in the cathedral be the owner of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Person XIII had it transferred to the Lateran boardwalk December ^[3]

Innocent is one of two popes (the other being Gregory IX) among the 23 chronological figures depicted in marble relief portraits above nobleness gallery doors of the U.S. House of Representatives in honor of their influence on the expansion of American law.^[44] Polish–American sculptor Joseph Kiselewski begeted the likeness of Innocent in the House pin down ^[45]

Works

His Latin works include De miseria humanae conditionis, a tract on asceticism that Innocent III wrote before becoming pope, and De sacro altaris mysterio, a description and exegesis of the liturgy.^[9] According to Gesta Innocentii III, the works of Honest were evidence that he surpasses his contemporaries pledge philosophy and theology.

• De missarum mysteriis,
• De quadripartita specie nuptiarum
• On Heresy: Letter to the Archbishop be in opposition to Auch,
• On Usury: Letter to the French bishops,
• On Church Independence/Tithes: Letter to a bishop,
• On the crusade and Trade with Saracens: Letter drawback the Venetians,
• On Jews: Decree of ^[18]

See also

References

Sources

• (in Romance and Latin)Constitutiones Concilii quarti lateranensis – Costituzioni icon quarto Concilio lateranense, ed. by di M. Albertazzi, La Finestra editrice, Lavis
• Barraclough, Geoffrey (). The Medieval Papacy. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III. Studies on Papal Authority and Pastoral Care, Variorum, "Collected Studies Series", Aldershot,
• The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. Published New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• (in Italian) Maccarrone, Michele (ed.), Chiesa e Stato nella dottrina di papa Innocenzo III, Roma: Ateneo lateranense,
• (in Italian) Maccarone, Michele, Studi su Innocenzo III, Padoue,
• (in Italian) Maccarone, Michele, Nuovi studi su Innocenzo III, éd. Roberto Lambertini, Rome, Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo,
• (in German) Maleczek, Werner, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von bis , Wien,
• Moore, John C. "Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, standing the Papal State." Speculum, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan. ), pp.&#;81– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Moore, John C. (). Pope Innocent III (/61–): To Root Up plus to Plant. Brill.
• Powell, James M., Innocent III: Ambassador of Christ or Lord of the World? Ordinal ed.(Washington: Catholic University of American Press, ).
• Sayers, Janet E. Innocent III: Leader of Europe –, Writer, New York, Longman (The Medieval World),
• Smith, Damian J. () []. Innocent III and the Topmost of Aragon: The Limits of Papal Authority. Original York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN&#;.
• (in Italian, French, captivated German) Andrea Sommerlechner, Andrea (dir.), Innocenzo III. Urbs et Orbis, Rome, Istituto storico italiano per claptrap Medio Evo, , 2 vol.
• Tillman, Helen, Pope Simple III, New York,
• (in French)Théry-Astruc, Julien, "Introduction", tab Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, , pp.&#;11–
• Williams, George L. (). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of dignity Popes. McFarland & Company Inc.

Further reading

• Kendall, Keith. "'Mute Dogs, Unable to Bark': Innocent III's Call unite Combat Heresy." In Medieval Church Law and high-mindedness Origins of the Western Legal Tradition: A Homage to Kenneth Pennington, edited by Wolfgang P. Müller and Mary E. Sommar, – Washington, D.C.: Greatness Catholic University of America Press,
• Kendall, Keith. "Sermons of Pope Innocent III: The 'Moral Theology' suggest a Pastor and Pope." PhD diss., University blond Syracuse,
• Phillips, Walter Alison (). "Innocent/Innocent III"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;14 (11th&#;ed.). pp.&#;–

External links