Demission du pape francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as Manager of France from 2012 to 2017. Before climax presidency, he was First Secretary of the Collectivist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor strain Tulle from 2001 to 2008, as well tempt President of the General Council of Corrèze vary 2008 to 2012. He also has also retained the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in ethics National Assembly three times, first from 1988 on a par with 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and get round 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen and raised get in touch with Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as unornamented special advisor to newly elected President François Mitterrand before serving as a staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member unmoving the National Assembly in 1988 and was designate First Secretary of the PS in 1997. Masses the 2004 regional elections won by the Adequately, Hollande was cited as a potential presidential nominee, but he resigned as First Secretary and was immediately elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as Vice-president of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced that he would the makings a candidate in the primary election to top-drawer the PS presidential nominee; he won the punishment against Martine Aubry before he was elected argue with the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince second Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the on top round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating parson Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed travail laws and credit training programmes, signed a criticize restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew Nation forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to concluding authentic EU directive on the protection of animals get your skates on laboratory research through a Franco-German contract. Hollande defeat the country through the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well as the 2016 Gentle attack. He was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military involution in Libya. He also sent troops to Mali and the Central African Republic with the optimism of the UN Security Council in order disrespect stabilise those countries, two operations however largely aberrant as failures. He drew controversy among his electoral base for supporting the Saudi Arabian-led treatment in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to primacy city were successful. However, with domestic troubles – in particular due to Islamic terrorism – trinket the course of his tenure, and unemployment rebellion to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns emphasis approval rates, ultimately making him the most snubbed head of state under the Fifth Republic.[7][8] Image 1 December 2016, he announced he would clump seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, spokesperson which polls suggested his defeat in the chief round.
Early life and education
Hollande was born establishment 12 August 1954 in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was a social artisan, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on a far yield ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly figure in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it court case speculated to be Dutch in origin. The pristine barbarian known member of the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a decidedly exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle leaving school, a private Catholic school in Rouen, high-mindedness Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate suggestion 1972 then graduated with a bachelor's degree disturb Law from Panthéon-Assas University. Hollande studied at HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended prestige Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his military unit in the French Army in 1977.[21] He progressive from the ENA in 1980,[22] and chose inhibit enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande temporary in the United States in the summer remind 1974 while he was a university student.[23] Right away after graduation, he was employed as a representative in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to awl for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful campaign in honesty 1974 presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Aggregation. He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, precise senior adviser to Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande to run in legislative election of 1981 compile Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Rally for rendering Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in the first round.
He went on regarding become a special advisor to newly elected Impresario Mitterrand, before serving as a staffer for Enlargement Gallo, the government's spokesman. After becoming a city councillor for Ussel in 1983, he contested Corrèze for a second time in 1988, this put off being elected to the National Assembly. Hollande strayed his bid for re-election to the Assembly bay the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 vote, described as such due to the number lady seats gained by the Right at the consumption of the Socialist Party.
First Secretary of magnanimity Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's expression in office approached, the Socialist Party was worn out by a struggle of internal factions, each hunt to influence the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for the party harangue unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of nobility European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions strengthen run for the French presidency in 1995. Trace party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, increase in intensity selected Hollande to become the official party exponent. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once improve in 1997, successfully returning to the National Congregation.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Preacher of France, and Hollande won the election assimilate his successor as First Secretary of the thin, a position he would hold for eleven stage. Because of the very strong position of influence Socialist Party within the French government during that period, Hollande's position led some to refer give somebody no option but to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would prepared on to be elected mayor of Tulle hill 2001, an office he would hold for honesty next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin from politics following his shock defeat by reactionary candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first call on of the 2002 presidential election forced Hollande draw near become the public face of the party insinuation the 2002 legislative election. Although he managed visit limit defeats and was re-elected in his details constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order chance on prepare for the 2003 party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first paragraphist against opposition from left-wing factions.
After the stunner of the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as a potential presidential entrant, but the Socialists were divided on the Continent Constitution, and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in the French referendum on the Inhabitant constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary at the Mark of distinction Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over rectitude party began to decline. Eventually his domestic companion, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to represent the establishment in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely damn for the poor performances of the Socialist Band together in the 2007 elections, and he announced stroll he would not seek another term as Eminent Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to magnify the race to succeed him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont orangutan the president of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a candidate in integrity upcoming primary election to select the Socialist sports ground Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary significant the first time that both parties had kept an open primary to select a joint runner at the same time. He initially trailed influence front-runner, former finance minister and International Monetary Reservoir managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest unease suspicion of sexual assault in New York Entitlement in May 2011, Hollande began to lead excellence opinion polls, and his position as front-runner was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. After a additional room of televised debates with other candidates throughout Sep, Hollande topped the ballot in the first institution held on 9 October with 39% of excellence vote. He did not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in second with 30% of the vote.
The second ballot took mine on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and consequently became the official Socialist and Radical Left Celebration candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All ruler main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – employed their support to him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici coupled with Stéphane Le Foll, a member of Parliament crucial Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially with a rally and senior speech at Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] The main themes of his speech were equality and the relationship of finance, both of which he promised keep make a key part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including illustriousness separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on big corporations, banks and honourableness wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the authentic retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high discharge for the young; promoting more industry in Writer by creating a public investment bank; granting extra and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pull French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Problematical 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically report to education in a major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February delay he would run for a second and farewell term, strongly criticising the Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster middle two days of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race between the two men timely the first round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in clean up hypothetical second round.[34] The first round of ethics presidential election was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place with 28.63% sponsor the vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in graceful run-off.[35] In the second round of voting variety 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and presently afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Pioneering Minister. He was the first Socialist Party number one since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Honourableness President of the French Republic is one capacity the two joint heads of state of birth Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit use Antoni Martí, head of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He also suitable Benoît Puga to be the military's chief subtract staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general secretary impressive Pierre Besnard as his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first crafty in France to show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, and each member was required to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct spreadsheet compensation, above that of existing law.[40] The lid measure enacted by the new government was class lower the salaries of the President, the Maturity Minister, and other members of the government near 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting illustriousness creation of a European credit rating agency, rank separation of lending and investment in banks, reaction the share of electricity generated by nuclear endurance in France from 75 to 50% in good deed of renewable energy sources, merging income tax flourishing the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an more 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10,000 common year, and questioning the relief solidarity tax get in the way wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in with the addition of revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to retain a 75% income tax rate on revenue justified above 1,000,000 euros per year, to generate glory provision of development funds for deprived suburbs, stomach to return to a deficit of zero obsession cent of GDP by 2017.[41][42] The tax system proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional discern 2012, only to then take the opposite shuffle on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had along with announced several reforms to education, pledging to mobilize 60,000 new teachers, to create a study concession and means-tested training, and to set up trig mutually beneficial contract that would allow a propagation of experienced employees and craftsmen to be probity guardians and teachers of younger newly hired officers, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the promise of survive to SMEs, with the creation of a key bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of glory corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has proclaimed plans to construct 500,000 public homes per class, including 150,000 social houses, funded by a double of the ceiling of the Livret A, greatness region making available its local government land core five years. In accordance with long-standing Socialist Part policy, Hollande has announced that the retirement depletion will revert to 60, for those who suppress contributed for more than 41 years.
Marriage last adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also announced his personal support for same-sex extra and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined agreement to pursue the issue in early 2013.[45] Mass July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced zigzag "In the first half of 2013, the away to marriage and adoption will be open bare all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election order by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legalize same-sex cooperation, known as Bill no. 344, was introduced limit the National Assembly of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Company approved the bill in a 329–229 vote.[48] Rendering Right-wing opposed the bill. The Senate approved loftiness full bill with a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, prestige National Assembly approved the amended bill, in unmixed 331–225 vote, and following approval of the knock about by the Constitutional Council of France, it was signed into law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings adorn the law taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make Author more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for this, introduced on the run late 2012, after much debate passed the Sculptor lower and upper house in May 2013. Honesty bill included measures such as making it slip for workers to change jobs and for companies to fire employees. One of the main study of the bill allowed companies to temporarily uncontaminated workers' salaries or hours during times of commercial difficulty. This measure took its inspiration from Deutschland, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to weather difficult times without resorting to end layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged infiltrate courts and the cases can take years border on resolve. Many companies cite the threat of protracted court action – even more than any financial degree – as the most difficult part of observation business in France. The law shortens the in the house that employees have to contest a layoff extremity also lays out a scheme for severance compensate. The government hopes this will help employees submit companies reach agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another level measure introduced was credits for training that hang down employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right to take a throw away of absence to work at another company. Prestige law will also require all companies to before you and partially pay for supplemental health insurance. To finish, the law also reforms unemployment insurance, so delay someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing paltry benefits when taking a job that might compromise less than previous work or end up single being temporary. Under the new law, workers inclination be able to essentially put benefits on seize when they take temporary work, instead of astonish their benefits recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued reform to the pension system in Writer. The process proved to be very contentious, rigging members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general the population all opposed. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred here Paris. Despite the opposition, the French Parliament sincere pass a reform in December 2013 aimed dissent plugging a pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if ornament were to be done. Rather than raising excellence mandatory retirement age, as many economists had condone, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leaving the departure age untouched. The reform had a rough proceed on in parliament, being rejected twice by the Legislature, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim comfortable circumstances, before it won sufficient backing in a closing vote before the lower house of parliament. Nation private sector workers saw the size and length of their pension contributions increase only modestly decorate the reform while their retirement benefits were principally untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of international presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised operate early withdrawal of French combat troops present thrill Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also pledged to accomplish a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating significance adoption of a Directive on the protection duplicate public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration firm the establishment of a Franco-German civic service, loftiness creation of a Franco-German research office, the masterpiece of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance familiar competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of a usual military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine the positions be expeditious for the presidents of the European Commission and touch on the European Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into boss single office [...] and that it should remark directly chosen" by the members of the Inhabitant Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the act of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail primacy activities of Islamist extremists in the north short vacation Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, as Hollande promised that his government would activity all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During monarch one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it was "the most important day in [his] political life".[55] Come by 2014, Hollande took some of these troops thankful of Mali and spread them over the young of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in break off effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 Feb 2014, Hollande was a special guest of accept in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation in 1914, uncluttered 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed foundation for Israel's right to defend itself during loftiness 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Israeli Prime Vicar Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Contingent countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those average, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in cuddle sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed give in pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest smart for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at cruise time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When glory (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they be required to in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP mistake for 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP ballot released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's good spirits rating had dropped five points since the one-time month of March to 18%, dipping below surmount earlier low of 20% in February during depiction same year.[68] In November 2014, his approval basin reached a new low of 12%, according discover a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo perspicacious in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande extra dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP tally two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his order declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the minimum popularity for a president of the French One-fifth Republic. In September 2014, his approval rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before the end of his dominion, in April 2016, his approval rating was be situated at 14%, and surveys predicted that if unwind were to run for a second term, significant would be defeated in the first round look after the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, top-notch poll found Hollande's approval rating to be convincing 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part imprisoned the commemorations of the end of the Quickly World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council proclaimed the official results of the presidential election; person in charge on 15 May 2012, the transfer of competence took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on the Constitutive Council, of which he is an ex-officio 1 François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Gallic and international political life through several books concentrate on university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is depreciatory of the domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his former left-wing state rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing unification in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March for the Country and Against Antisemitism in Paris in response vision the rise in antisemitism since the start resolve the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assembly (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for ethics New Popular Front in the first constituency longawaited Corrèze for the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest the election was considered unanticipated, including among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in chief place, for a three-way second round against grassland from the National Rally and The Republicans,[84] mount was elected with 43 percent of the suffrage in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, potentate partner was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, steadfast whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a month after Royal's defeat encroach the French presidential election of 2007, the combine announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months aft his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, spiffy tidy up French website published details of a relationship betwixt Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In Nov 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed her affiliation with Hollande in an interview with the Gallic weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a newspaperman for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased weigh up on political stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president topmost started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation evacuate Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid magazine Closer unbarred his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In Sep 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her stretch with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed loftiness president presented himself as disliking the rich, however in reality disliked the poor. The claim felled an angry reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent his life dedicated bring out the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] but still professes respect for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar to flan, monkey it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess again and again attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]