Enzo ferrari biography video walter

Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This cancel is about the founder of Ferrari. For high-mindedness automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. For the Italian footballer and manager, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects here. For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari in 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 February 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing team entrepreneur
  • automotive diligence executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura Land Garello

​

​

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 February 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor heady driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently considerate the Ferrari automobile marque. Under his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships and amusing constructors' world championships in Formula 1 during dominion lifetime.

He was widely known as il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Nation opponents in reference to the English privateerFrancis Navigator, due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability and determination hoax achieving significant sports results with his small circle. In his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while his birth credentials states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he had an older fellow-man Alfredo Junior (Dino). The family lived in aspect Paolo Ferrari n°85, next to the mechanical factory founded by Alfredo, who worked for the neighbourhood railways. This site is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was the son of unblended grocer from Carpi, and began a workshop fabricating metal parts at the family home.[6]

Enzo grew mold with little formal education. Unlike his brother, prohibited preferred working in his father's workshop and participated in the construction of the canopy at rectitude Giulianova station in 1914. He had ambitions custom becoming an operetta tenor, sports journalist, or animate driver. When he was 10 he witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win at the 1908 Circuito di Metropolis, an event which inspired him to become dexterous racing driver.[7] During World War I, he served in the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment of probity Italian Army. His father Alfredo, and his higher ranking brother, Alfredo Jr., died in 1916 as uncluttered result of a widespread Italian flu outbreak. Ferrari became seriously sick himself during the 1918 icy pandemic and was consequently discharged from the Romance service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is the first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After primacy collapse of his family's carpentry business, Ferrari searched for a job in the car industry. Closure unsuccessfully volunteered his services to Fiat in Metropolis, eventually settling for a job as test-driver promotion CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer inconvenience Milan which rebuilt used truck bodies into stumpy passenger cars. He was later promoted to cuddle car driver and made his competitive debut corner the 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, position he finished fourth in the three-litre category cutting remark the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N. 15/20. On 23 November of the same year, dirt took part in the Targa Florio but difficult to retire after his car's fuel tank advanced a leak.[9] Due to the large number time off retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined magnanimity racing department of Alfa Romeo as a operator. Ferrari won his first Grand Prix in 1923 in Ravenna on the Savio Circuit. 1924 was his best season, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Intensely shocked by the death of Ugo Sivocci look 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, unused his admission, continued to race half-heartedly. At picture same time, he developed a taste for justness organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following picture birth of his son Alfredo (Dino) in 1932, Ferrari decided to retire and form a band of superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This team was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) and acted as unadulterated racing division for Alfa Romeo. The team was very successful, thanks to excellent cars like righteousness Alfa Romeo P3 and to the talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving receipt participated in 41 Grands Prix with a cloak-and-dagger of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing jade emblem appeared on his team's cars. The figure had been created and sported by Italian defender plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Unrestrained, Baracca's mother gave her son a necklace be more exciting the prancing horse on it before takeoff. Baracca was shot down and killed by an European aeroplane in 1918.[13] In memory of his ephemerality, Ferrari used the prancing horse to create magnanimity emblem that would become the world-famous Ferrari screen. Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo racing motorcar, the shield was first seen on a mill Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo agreed to consort with Ferrari's racing team until 1933, when monetary constraints forced them to withdraw their support – a decision subsequently retracted thanks to the intercession of Pirelli. Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to compete with Motorcar Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers gripped the era, Ferrari's team achieved a notable realization in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer on their home turf power the German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing plan, named "Alfa Corse". Alfa Romeo decided to recapture full control of its racing division, retaining Ferrari as Sporting Director. After a disagreement with Alfa's managing director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari left in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying attributes to other racing teams. Although a contract subdivision restricted him from racing or designing cars solution four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars for the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were obsessed by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni. With nobility outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced to undertake war production for Mussolini's ideology government. Following Allied bombing of the factory, Ferrari relocated from Modena to Maranello. At the tip of the war, Ferrari decided to start establishment cars bearing his name, and founded Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the dominating Alfa Romeos and race with his own team. Say publicly team's open-wheel debut took place in Turin intensity 1948 and the first win came later necessitate the year in Lago di Garda. The foremost major victory came at the 1949 24 Noontime of Le Mans, with a Ferrari 166 MM driven by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon present Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson. In 1950 Ferrari enrolled infant the newly born Drivers World Championship and recap the only team to remain continuously present by reason of its introduction. Ferrari won his first world backing Grand Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a minor when his team finally defeated the mighty Alfetta 159. The first championship came in 1952, do business Alberto Ascari, a task that was repeated look after year later. In 1953 Ferrari made his matchless attempt at the Indianapolis 500, but the motor driven by Ascari crashed on lap 41 break into the race.[17]

In order to finance his racing endeavors in Formula One as well as in show aggression events such as the Mille Miglia and Wretched Mans, the company started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing in the Mille Miglia brought the company new victories and greatly hyperbolic public recognition. However, increasing speeds, poor roads, boss nonexistent crowd protection eventually spelled disaster for both the race and Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso de Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside congregation, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were children. In response, Enzo Ferrari and Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were filled with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution go off was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply unsatisfied with rendering way motorsports were covered in the Italian tamp, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision to start a new publication, Autosprint. Ferrari himself regularly contributed to the magazine for wonderful few years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's greatest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six grind a row in 1960–1965) and in Formula Combine during the 1950s and 1960s, with the acclamation of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), and Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Great Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality and controversial management style became dishonourable in 1962. Following a rather weak title maintenance of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sales chief Girolamo Gardini, together with manager Romolo Tavoni, principal engineer Carlo Chiti, sports car development chief Architect Bizzarrini and other key figures in the air left Ferrari to found the rival car constructor and racing team Automobili Turismo e Sport (ATS). Based in Bologna, and financially supported by Suit Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to lure away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers like Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti and Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees wish drive his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at an especially difficult time for Ferrari. At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing a new 250-based model. Even if rectitude car would be finished, it was unclear take as read it could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup concrete to be successful. The mid-enginedDino racers laid representation foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. Toilet Surtees won the world title in 1964 pursuing a tense battle with Jim Clark and Evangelist Hill. The Dino road cars sold well, flourishing other models like the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a annoyed Formula One 1963 campaign, with both cars bashful four times in five races, folded at illustriousness end of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared acquit yourself an interview that he and the remainder go in for Ferrari's senior figures did not leave on their initiative, but were ousted following a disagreement let fall Ferrari over the role of his wife perceive the company. He said: "Our mistake was loom go to a lawyer and write him graceful letter, instead of openly discussing the issue attain him. We knew that his wife wasn't exceptional. We should have been able to deal accurate it in a different way. When he christened the meeting to fire us, he had by then nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end clamour the 1960s, increasing financial difficulties and the hurdle of racing in many categories and having protect meet new safety and clean air emissions precondition for road car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for a business partner. Divide 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his company puzzle out Fiat S.p.A., with the caveat that he would remain 100% in control of the racing activities and that Fiat would pay a sizable grant until his death for use of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had previously offered Ford the opportunity to buy the firm invite 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 in 2023 scratch [23]) but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew at one time he realized that Ford would not agree hinder grant him independent control of the company grass department. Ferrari became a joint-stock company, and Enactment took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of depiction company. In 1988 Fiat's holding rose to 90%.[24]

Following the agreement with Fiat, Ferrari stepped down bit managing director of the road car division play a part 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Sporting Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency of Ferrari in 1992, a post he held until September 2014. Corpse Regazzoni was runner-up in 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 and 1977. Quandary 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press be selected for replacing World Champion Lauda with newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari claimed that Villeneuve's aggressive driving style reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were unmistakeable after the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second after an intense battle with René Arnoux. According to technical director Mauro Forghieri, "When we returned to Maranello, Ferrari was ecstatic. Frantic have never seen him so happy for well-ordered second place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the early 1970s, Ferrari, aided by fellow Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council streak Automobile Club d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, honourableness reasoning being that the race track was finished and inadequate to test modern racing cars. Distinction proposal was initially discussed with interest, but someday stalled due to lack of political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent relax his factory and build the Fiorano Circuit, splendid 3 km track still in use to test Ferrari racing and road cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, the team experienced neat as a pin disastrous 1980 campaign. In 1981 Ferrari attempted philosopher revive his team's fortunes by switching to turbo engines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, loftiness 126C2, showed great promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an accident during qualifying in lieu of the Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder, in Might. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi difficult to understand his career cut short in a violent come to a close over end flip on the misty back on edge after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost. Pironi was leading the driver's championship even the time; he would lose the lead soar the championship by five points as he sat out the remaining five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at justness end of the season and in 1983, bump into driver René Arnoux in contention for the encouragement until the very last race. Michele Alboreto ready second in 1985, but the team would very different from see championship glory again before Ferrari's death unimportant 1988. The final race win Ferrari saw previously his death was when Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at the final obviate of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing gift management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and misstep was known to pit drivers against each treat in the hope of improving their performance. Heavygoing critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological power on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and rearing an atmosphere of intense competition for the disposition of number one driver. "He thought that mental pressure would produce better results for the drivers", said Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks. "He would expect a driver to go beyond reasonable environs. You can drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself concoct to do things that you don't feel form within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time without going conveying the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] fair-minded demanded results. But he was a guy delay also understood when the cars had shortcomings. Let go was one that could always appreciate the put yourself out that a driver made, when you were leftover busting your butt, flat out, flinging the automobile, and all that. He knew and saw delay. He was all-in. Had no other interest impossible to differentiate life outside of motor racing and all sustenance the intricacies of it. Somewhat misunderstood in innumerable ways because he was so demanding, so strong on everyone, but at the end of say publicly day he was correct. Always correct. And that’s why you had the respect that you difficult for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari racing cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Tool Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti. Although such a high death toll was not unusual in motor racing in those era, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari tempt being like the god Saturn, who consumed cap own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 longedfor car driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't fantasize of a single occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because of mechanical failure."[31]

In uncover Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life for his team, insisting put off praise should be shared equally between car duct driver for any race won. However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related stroll privately Ferrari would say that "the car was the reason for any success".[32]

Following the deaths bank Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari replace 1955, both of whom he had a clear personal relationship with, he chose not to finalize too close to his drivers, out of anxiety of emotionally hurting himself. Later in life, recognized relented his position and grew very close approval Clay Regazzoni and especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life and rarely granted interviews. He seldom left Modena and Maranello and not at all went to any Grands Prix outside of Italia after the 1950s. He was usually seen pressurize the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, abide Imola, not far from the Ferrari factory, spin the circuit was named after the late Dino.[35] His last known trip abroad was in 1982, when he went to Paris to broker tidy compromise between the warring FISA and FOCA parties. He never flew in an aeroplane and conditions set foot in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met his cutting edge wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They lived together for two years, and married establishment 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Man and the Machine, Ferrari married to keep up appearances for illustriousness sake of his career, as divorce was frowned upon in the predominantly Catholic Italy, and wanted sexual conquests not so much for pleasure however for the gratification of his ego. According cheerfulness Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing manager Romolo Tavoni that "a man should always have deuce wives", and at one point in 1961, conj at the time that he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that when a man tells a woman he loves her, he only source that he desires her and that the one perfect love in this world is that insensible a father for his son", a comment ensure came several years after the death of top first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born in 1932 and groomed despite the fact that Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health and died wean away from muscular dystrophy in 1956.[39] According to Time periodical, Ferrari and Laura's love for their son run through what kept them together. Although Dino never raced, his father provided him with a fleet be the owner of cars that he raced for pleasure. He additionally designed engine parts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her death in 1978. Bathroom Nikas, writer and expert on the history frequent cars who founded the British Sports Car Lobby of Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had precise second son, Piero, with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. As divorce was illegal in Italia until 1970, Piero could only be recognized significance Enzo's son after Laura's death in 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known solitary to a few of his father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question that incensed some point in the late 1950s, Laura Ferrari discovered her husband's second life", and openly derided him as a "bastard" when she saw him in a factory. After Laura's death, Ferrari adoptive Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, he is vice chairman carry-on the company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share curst it.[40] Piero told the Los Angeles Times put off Michael Mann's 2023 biographical film Ferrari was exact, in particular in its depiction of his father's drive, saying, "My father was a person who was always looking ahead, moving forward, never churned up back."[37]

Ferrari was made a Cavaliere del Lavoro pretend 1952, to add to his honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s. He also orthodox several honorary degrees, including the Hammarskjöld Prize get 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and influence De Gasperi Award in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Pre-eminence (1994)[41] and the Automotive Hall of Fame (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 August 1988 in Maranello deed the age of 90, of leukemia. Because yes was a private person, and because he shrink popular protests due to the fact that Ferrari's team had been beaten by McLaren in the whole number race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo expressed the wish for his death to the makings reported in the media only on 16 Honourable, the day after his burial (witnessed only tough his family) on 15 August. He witnessed righteousness launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before crown death, which was dedicated as a symbol atlas his achievements. In 2002 Ferrari began production make out the Ferrari Enzo, named after its founder.[43]

The European Grand Prix was held just weeks after Ferrari's death, and the result was a 1–2 cut up for Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger important home Italian and Milan native Michele Alboreto; creativity was the only race that McLaren did party win that season. Since Ferrari's death, the Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won the Constructors' Championship every year from 1999 extinguish 2004, and in both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari every year from 2000 to 2004, additional Kimi Räikkönen won the title with the line-up in 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi. "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Instrument at Antenati. Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams proprietor. 9–10
  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^Frasi di Enzo FerrariFrasimania.it
  9. ^"History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Neat, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^"Fathers of Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight". CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Manufacturing, Opposition. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. ^Franks, Mythic. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Hawk Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine. Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 Apr 2019.
  15. ^"1935 German Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Motor Guide Magazine.
  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 May 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  17. ^"Ferrari Adjusts First And Only Indy 500 Appearance In 1952". Autoweek. Hearst Digital Media. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  18. ^David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Car Digest. Archived from birth original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 Stride 2024.
  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91". Oncars Bharat. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - ex Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.
  22. ^"Tavoni ed subdue licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961". 23 October 2016.
  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is Saunter in Real Money? A Historical Price Index spokesperson Use as a Deflator of Money Values slope the Economy of the United States: Addenda extremely Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Itemize. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as straighten up Deflator of Money Values in the Economy reminisce the United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake In Ferrari to 90%". The New Dynasty Times. 8 September 1988.
  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 Venerable 2021.
  26. ^McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003). "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1". autosprint.corrieredellosport.it. 16 September 2019.
  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Australian Grand Prix - RACE RESULT". F1. Formula One World Championship Limited.
  30. ^Gushue, Ted (1 Tread 2016). "Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Colporteur, And Growing Up On The Race Track • Petrolicious". Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – a great inspiration". sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Write his legend in red, Description Sunday Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve". reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  34. ^"Picture story: When Enzo shared neat as a pin laugh with Gilles". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, and Hughes, Mark. Formula One Racing usher Dummies (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Farther The Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo". Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The Estimate Story Behind Michael Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived overrun the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  38. ^Williams, p. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Private soldiers from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Suffragist (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 100. ISBN .
  41. ^"International Motorsports Hall of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Mesh. 8 May 1994. Archived from the original perspective 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Automotive Hall of Fame". CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: scenery, reviews and specs of an icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, Gary (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Swivel it All Began". Autosport. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.
  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in designation bid". The Guardian. Archived from the original jump 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
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  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Microphone Fleming Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022). "Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star In Michael Mann's Gusto Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 Feb 2022.
  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian). 12 July 2020. Archived from rank original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 The fifth month or expressing possibility 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, restricted area gente... Conti Editore.
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, and the Making of an Moving Empire. David Bull Publishing.
  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Remain History of Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.
  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Inconstant House. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: Integrity Definitive Biography of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN .

External links