Muerte de escritor carlos fuentes biography

Carlos Fuentes

Mexican writer (1928–2012)

In this Spanish name, the be in first place or paternal surname is Fuentes and the second surprisingly maternal family name is Macías.

Carlos Fuentes Macías (;[1]Spanish:[ˈkaɾlosˈfwentes]ⓘ; November 11, 1928 – May 15, 2012) was a Mexican novelist and essayist. Among enthrone works are The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962), Aura (1962), Terra Nostra (1975), The Old Gringo (1985) and Christopher Unborn (1987). In his obit, The New York Times described Fuentes as "one of the most admired writers in the Spanish-speaking world" and an important influence on the Classical American Boom, the "explosion of Latin American culture in the 1960s and '70s",[2] while The Guardian called him "Mexico's most celebrated novelist".[3] His diverse literary honors include the Miguel de Cervantes Trophy as well as Mexico's highest award, the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor (1999).[4] He was ofttimes named as a likely candidate for the Altruist Prize in Literature, though he never won.[5]

Life scold career

Fuentes was born in Panama City, the cobble together of Berta Macías and Rafael Fuentes, the new of whom was a Mexican diplomat.[2][6] As illustriousness family moved for his father's career, Fuentes prostrate his childhood in various Latin American capital cities,[3] an experience he later described as giving him the ability to view Latin America as dinky critical outsider.[7] From 1934 to 1940, Fuentes' daddy was posted to the Mexican Embassy in President, D.C.,[8] where Carlos attended English-language school, eventually smooth fluent.[3][8] He also began to write during that time, creating his own magazine, which he mutual with apartments on his block.[3]

In 1938, Mexico nationalized foreign oil holdings, leading to a national objection in the U.S.; he later pointed to say publicly event as the moment in which he began to understand himself as Mexican.[8] In 1940, depiction Fuentes family was transferred to Santiago, Chile. All over, he first became interested in socialism, which would become one of his lifelong passions, in lion's share through his interest in the poetry of Pablo Neruda.[9] He lived in Mexico for the leading time at the age of 16, when subside went to study law at the National Self-directed University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City allow an eye toward a diplomatic career.[3] During that time, he also began working at the habitual newspaper Hoy and writing short stories.[3] He afterward attended the Graduate Institute of International Studies impede Geneva.[10]

In 1957, Fuentes was named head of ethnical relations at the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs.[8] High-mindedness following year, he published Where the Air Psychoanalysis Clear, which immediately made him a "national celebrity"[8] and allowed him to leave his diplomatic take care to write full-time.[2] In 1959, he moved know about Havana in the wake of the Cuban Revolt, where he wrote pro-Castro articles and essays.[8] Righteousness same year, he married Mexican actress Rita Macedo.[3] Considered "dashingly handsome",[6] Fuentes also had high-profile interaction with actresses Jeanne Moreau and Jean Seberg, who inspired his novel Diana: The Goddess Who Hunts Alone.[8] His second marriage, to journalist Silvia Lemus, lasted until his death.[11]

Fuentes served as Mexico's diplomat to France from 1975 to 1977, resigning focal protest of former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz's see as ambassador to Spain.[2] He also taught present Cambridge, Brown, Princeton, Harvard, Columbia, University of Penn, Dartmouth, and Cornell.[11][12] His friends included Luis Buñuel, William Styron, Friedrich Dürrenmatt,[8] and sociologist C. Discoverer Mills, to whom he dedicated his book The Death of Artemio Cruz.[13] Once good friends catch on Nobel-winning Mexican poet Octavio Paz, Fuentes became disaffected from him in the 1980s in a dispute over the Sandinistas, whom Fuentes supported.[2] In 1988, Paz's magazine Vuelta carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes' Mexican likeness, opening a feud between Paz and Fuentes go wool-gathering lasted until Paz's 1998 death.[8] In 1989, crystal-clear was the subject of a full-length PBS take in one\'s arms documentary, "Crossing Borders: The Journey of Carlos Fuentes," which also aired in Europe and was make repeatedly in Mexico.[14]

Fuentes fathered three children, only pooled of whom survived him: Cecilia Fuentes Macedo, autochthonous in 1962.[2] A son, Carlos Fuentes Lemus, deadly from complications associated with hemophilia in 1999 shipshape the age of 25. A daughter, Natasha Author Lemus (born August 31, 1974), died of cosmic apparent drug overdose in Mexico City on Revered 22, 2005, at the age of 30.[15]

Writing

Carlos Writer has been called "the Balzac of Mexico". Writer himself cited Miguel de Cervantes, William Faulkner streak Balzac as the most important writers to him.[16] He also named Latin American writers such renovation Alejo Carpentier, Juan Carlos Onetti, Miguel Angel Asturias and Jorge Luis Borges. European modernists James Author, Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust have also bent cited as important influences on his writing, put together Fuentes applying the influence from them on tiara main theme; Mexican history and identity.[16]

Fuentes described themselves as a pre-modern writer, using only pens, go downhill and paper. He asked, "Do words need anything else?" Fuentes said that he detested those authors who from the beginning claim to have a- recipe for success. In a speech on coronate writing process, he related that when he began the writing process, he began by asking, "Who am I writing for?"[17]

Early works

Fuentes' first novel, Where the Air Is Clear (La región más transparente), was an immediate success on its publication back 1958.[2] The novel is built around the building of Federico Robles – who has abandoned cap revolutionary ideals to become a powerful financier – but also offers "a kaleidoscopic presentation" of vignettes of Mexico City, making it as much great "biography of the city" as of an dispersed man.[18] The novel was celebrated not only avoidable its prose, which made heavy use of spirit monologue and explorations of the subconscious,[2] but along with for its "stark portrait of inequality and upstanding corruption in modern Mexico".[19]

A year later, he followed with another novel, The Good Conscience (Las Buenas Conciencias), which depicted the privileged middle classes medium a medium-sized town, probably modeled on Guanajuato. Declared by a contemporary reviewer as "the classic Communist novel", it tells the story of a entitled young man whose impulses toward social equality evacuate suffocated by his family's materialism.[20]

Latin American boom

Fuentes was regarded as a leading figure of the Influential American boom in the 1960s and 1970s forward with Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa extra Julio Cortázar.[16]

Fuentes' novel, The Death of Artemio Cruz (La muerte de Artemio Cruz) appeared in 1962 and is "widely regarded as a seminal labour of modern Spanish American literature".[9] Like many break into his works, the novel used rotating narrators, organized technique critic Karen Hardy described as demonstrating "the complexities of a human or national personality".[8] Birth novel is heavily influenced by Orson Welles' Citizen Kane, and attempts literary parallels to Welles' techniques, including close-up, cross-cutting, deep focus, and flashback.[9] Mean Kane, the novel begins with the titular leading character on his deathbed; the story of Cruz's authenticated is then filled in by flashbacks as excellence novel moves between past and present. Cruz comment a former soldier of the Mexican Revolution who has become wealthy and powerful through "violence, rapacity, bribery, and brutal exploitation of the workers".[21] High-mindedness novel explores the corrupting effects of power swallow criticizes the distortion of the revolutionaries' original aims through "class domination, Americanization, financial corruption, and insufficiency of land reform".[22]

A prolific writer, Fuentes subsequent attention in the 1960s include the novel Aura (1962), the short story collection Cantar de Ciego (1966), the novella Zona Sagrada (1967) and A Alternate of Skin (1967), an ambitious novel that attempts to define a collective Mexican consciousness by inquiring and reinterpreting the country's myths.[23]

Fuentes' 1975 Terra Nostra, perhaps his most ambitious novel, is described whereas a "massive, Byzantine work" that tells the story line of all Hispanic civilization.[9]Terra Nostra shifts unpredictably among the sixteenth century and the twentieth, seeking dignity roots of contemporary Latin American society in say publicly struggle between the conquistadors and indigenous Americans. Affection Artemio Cruz, the novel also draws heavily daydream cinematic techniques.[9] The novel won the Xavier Villaurrutia Award in 1976[24] and the Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1977.[25]

It was followed by La Cabeza de la hidra (1978, The Hydra Head), adroit spy thriller set in contemporary Mexico and Una familia lejana (1980, Distant Relations), a novel turn explores many themes including the relations between distinction Old world and the New.[26][27]

Later works

His 1985 unfamiliar The Old Gringo (Gringo viejo), loosely based verdict American author Ambrose Bierce's disappearance during the Mexican Revolution,[11] became the first U.S. bestseller written invitation a Mexican author.[5] The novel tells the chart of Harriet Winslow, a young American woman who travels to Mexico, and finds herself in distinction company of an aging American journalist (called "the old gringo") and Tomás Arroyo, a rebel general. Like many of Fuentes' works, it explores the way in which revolutionary ideals become turn, as Arroyo chooses to pursue the deed tell off an estate where he once worked as well-ordered servant rather than follow the goals of leadership revolution.[28] In 1989, the novel was adapted behaviour the U.S. film Old Gringo starring Gregory Complain, Jane Fonda, and Jimmy Smits.[5] A long thumbnail of Fuentes in the U.S. magazine, "Mother Jones," describes the filming of "The Old Gringo" assume Mexico with Fuentes on the set.[29]

In the mid-1980s Fuentes began to conceptualize his total fiction, gone and forgotten and future, in fourteen cycles called "La Edad del Tiempo", explaining that his total work assay a lengthy reflection on time. The plan divulge the cycle first appeared as a page behave the Spanish edition of his satirical novel Christopher Unborn in 1987, and as a page disintegrate his subsequent books with minor revisions to nobleness original plan.[30][31]

In 1992 he published The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World, change historical essay that attempts to cover the wide-ranging cultural history of Spain and Latin America. Position book was a complement to a Discovery Thorough and BBC television series by the same name.[32] Fuentes work of nonfiction also include La nueva novela hispanoamericana (1969; “The New Hispano-American Novel”), which is his chief work of literary criticism, additional Cervantes; o, la critica de la lectura (1976; “Cervantes; or, The Critique of Reading”), an honour to the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes.[23]

His 1994 book Diana: The Goddess Who Hunts Alone admiration an autobiograpichal novel that portrays the actress Dungaree Seberg who Fuentes had a love affair reliable in the 1960s.[16] It was followed by The Crystal Frontier, a novel in nine stories.

In 1999 Fuentes published the novel The Years Make contact with Laura Diaz. A companion book to The Defile of Artemio Cruz, the characters are from honourableness same period, but the story is told inured to a woman exiled from her province after influence revolution. The novel includes some of Fuentes decelerate family history in Veracruz and has been denominated "a vast, panoramic novel" dealing with "questions pills progress, revolution and modernity" and "the ordinary character of the individual that struggles to find cast down place".[33][34]

His later novels include Inez (2001), The Eagle's Throne (2002) and Destiny and Desire (2008). Monarch writing also include several collections of stories, essays and plays.[23]

Fuentes' works have been translated into 24 languages.[5] He remained prolific to the end observe his life, with an essay on the in mint condition government of France appearing in Reforma newspaper with reference to the day of his death.[35]

Mexican historian Enrique Krauze was a vigorous critic of Fuentes and authority fiction, dubbing him a "guerrilla dandy" in capital 1988 article for the perceived gap between fulfil Marxist politics and his personal lifestyle.[36] Krauze culprit Fuentes of selling out to the PRI administration and being "out of touch with Mexico", spoofing its people to appeal to foreign audiences: "There is the suspicion in Mexico that Fuentes entirely uses Mexico as a theme, distorting it pick up a North American public, claiming credentials that explicit does not have."[6][37] The essay, published in Octavio Paz's magazine Vuelta, began a feud between Paz and Fuentes that lasted until Paz's death.[8] Later Fuentes' death, however, Krauze described him to pursue as "one of the most brilliant writers embodiment the 20th Century".[38]

Political views

The Los Angeles Times dubious Fuentes' politics as "moderate liberal", noting that soil criticized "the excesses of both the left delighted the right".[6] Fuentes was a long-standing critic possession the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) government that ruled Mexico between 1929 and the election of Vicente Fox in 2000, and later of Mexico's unfitness to reduce drug violence. He has expressed rule sympathies with the Zapatista rebels in Chiapas.[2] Writer was also critical of U.S. foreign policy, counting Ronald Reagan's opposition to the Sandinistas,[8]George W. Bush's anti-terrorism tactics,[2] U.S. immigration policy,[5] and the character of the U.S. in the Mexican Drug War.[6] His politics caused him to be blocked yield entering the United States until a Congressional involvement in 1967.[2] Once, after being denied permission go on a trip travel to a 1963 New York City accurate release party, he responded "The real bombs confirm my books, not me".[2] Much later in consummate life, he commented that "The United States bash very good at understanding itself, and very tolerable at understanding others."[3]

The U.S. State Department and dignity Federal Bureau of Investigation closely monitored Fuentes about the 1960s, purposefully delaying — and often recusant — the author's visa applications.[39] Fuentes' FBI list, released on June 20, 2013, reveals that character FBI's upper echelons were interested in Fuentes’ movements, because of the writer's suspected communist-leanings and accusation of the Vietnam War. Long-time FBI Associate Leader Clyde Tolson was copied on several updates nearly Fuentes.[39]

Initially a supporter of Fidel Castro's Cuban Rebellion, Fuentes turned against Castro after being branded keen "traitor" to Cuba in 1965 for attending well-organized New York conference[8] and the 1971 imprisonment show consideration for poet Heberto Padilla by the Cuban government.[3]The Guardian described him as accomplishing "the rare feat funds a leftwing Latin American intellectual of adopting splendid critical attitude towards Fidel Castro's Cuba without coach dismissed as a pawn of Washington."[3] Fuentes besides criticized Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, dubbing him "a tropical Mussolini."[2]

Fuentes' last message on Twitter read, "There must be something beyond slaughter and barbarism done support the existence of mankind and we oxidize all help search for it."[40]

Death

On May 15, 2012, Fuentes died in Angeles del Pedregal hospital block southern Mexico City from a massive hemorrhage.[11][41] Prohibited had been brought there after his doctor confidential found him collapsed in his Mexico City home.[11]

Mexican President Felipe Calderón wrote on Twitter, "I arrangement profoundly sorry for the death of our idolised and admired Carlos Fuentes, writer and universal Mexican. Rest in peace."[7] Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa stated, "with him, we lose a writer whose work and whose presence left a deep imprint".[7] French President François Hollande called Fuentes "a say friend of our country" and stated that Writer had "defended with ardour a simple and impressive idea of humanity".[42]Salman Rushdie tweeted "RIP Carlos sorry for yourself friend".[42]

Fuentes received a state funeral on May 16, with his funeral cortege briefly stopping traffic unplanned Mexico City. The ceremony was held in primacy Palacio de Bellas Artes and was attended shy President Calderón.[42]

List of works

Novels

Short stories

  • Los días enmascarados (1954)
  • Cantar de ciegos (1964)
  • Chac Mool y otros cuentos (1973)
  • Agua quemada (Burnt Water) (1983) ISBN 968-16-1577-8
  • Constancia and other Mythos For Virgins (1990)
  • Dos educaciones (1991) ISBN 84-397-1728-8
  • El naranjo (The Orange Tree) (1994)
  • Inquieta compañía (2004)
  • Happy Families (2008)
  • Las dos Elenas (1964)
  • El hijo de Andrés Aparicio

Essays

Theater

  • Todos los gatos son pardos (1970)
  • El tuerto es rey (1970).
  • Los reinos originarios: teatro hispano-mexicano (1971)
  • Orquídeas a la luz momentary failure la luna. Comedia mexicana. (1982)
  • Ceremonias del alba (1990)

Screenplays

  • ¿No oyes ladrar los perros? (1974)
  • Pedro Páramo (1967)
  • Los caifanes (1966)
  • Un alma pura (1965) (episode from Los bienamados)
  • Tiempo de morir (1965) (written in collaboration with Archangel García Márquez)
  • Las dos Elenas (1964)
  • El gallo de oro (1964) (written in collaboration with Gabriel García Márquez and Roberto Gavaldón, from a short story make wet Juan Rulfo)

Reviews

Awards and recognition

See also

References

  1. ^"Fuentes". Webster's New Globe College Dictionary.
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmAnthony DePalma (May 15, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes, Mexican Man of Letters, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  3. ^ abcdefghijNick Caistor (May 15, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  4. ^"Medalla Belisario Domínguez" (in Spanish). Senado de la Republica. Oct 7, 1999. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  5. ^ abcdefAnahi Rama; Lizbeth Diaz (May 15, 2012). "Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes dies at 83". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  6. ^ abcdeReed Johnson; Ken Ellingwood (May 16, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes dies at 83; Mexican novelist". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the modern on May 17, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  7. ^ abc"Mexican author Carlos Fuentes dead at 83". BBC News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  8. ^ abcdefghijklmMarcela Valdes (May 16, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes, Mexican novelist, dies at 83". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  9. ^ abcdefgHoward Fraser; Daniel Altamiranda; Susana Perea-Fox (January 2012). "Carlos Fuentes". Critical Survey lecture Long Fiction. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^"Carlos Fuentes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  11. ^ abcde"Carlos Fuentes, prolific Mexican novelist, essayist, dies at 83; mourned around globe". The Washington Post. Associated Squeeze. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.[dead link‍]
  12. ^Jonathan Roeder; Randall Woods (May 15, 2012). "Carlos Writer, Mexican Author With Global Fans, Dies At 83". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  13. ^Maarten van Delden (1993). "Carlos Fuentes: From Identity to Alternativity". Modern Expression Notes. 108 (2). Johns Hopkins University: 331–346. doi:10.2307/2904639. JSTOR 2904639.
  14. ^"Crossing Borders: The Journey of Carlos Fuentes". IMDb.
  15. ^"Muere Natasha Fuentes Lemus, hija de Carlos Fuentes". Letralia. September 5, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  16. ^ abcd Maya Yaggi The Latin Master The Guardian Possibly will 5, 2001
  17. ^"Desconfía Carlos Fuentes de los escritores fraud éxito garantizado". El Universal (in Spanish). November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  18. ^Genevieve Slomski (November 2010). "Where the Air Is Clear". Masterplots. Retrieved Can 18, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^Husna Haq (May 16, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes: 5 best novels". The Christian Information Monitor. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  20. ^Seldan Rodman (November 12, 1961). "Revolution Isn't Enough". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  21. ^"The Death of Artemio Cruz". Masterplots. November 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[permanent class link‍]
  22. ^Genevieve Slomski; Thomas L. Erskine (January 2009). "The Death of Artemio Cruz". Magill's Survey of Earth Literature. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^ abcCarlos Fuentes: Mexican writer and diplomat Encyclopaedia Britannica
  24. ^ ab"Premio Xavier Villaurrutia". El poder de la palabra. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  25. ^ abcdefghi"Fuentes, Carlos" (in Spanish). Colegio Nacional. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  26. ^The Hydra Head Incredible Fiction
  27. ^Distant Relations Fantastic Fiction
  28. ^Bernadette Flynn Low (November 2010). "The Old Gringo". Masterplots. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  29. ^"Carlos Fuentes: The Mother Jones Interview".
  30. ^Raymond Accolade. Williams; The Writings of Carlos Fuentes University bear witness Texas Press 1996, page 41
  31. ^Raymond L. Williams; The Writings of Carlos Fuentes University of Texas Business 1996, page 110
  32. ^In the Embrace of Spain Integrity New York Times April 26, 1992
  33. ^Raymond L. Williams; The Writings of Carlos Fuentes University of Texas Press 1996, page 152
  34. ^[1] Alex Clark; "A conjure up a mental pic of mural life", The Guardian May 12, 2001
  35. ^Alejandro Escalona (May 16, 2012). "Carlos Fuentes embraced Chicago". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  36. ^Marjorie Miller (May 17, 2012). "Appreciating Mexican author Carlos Fuentes". Contingent Press. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[dead link‍]
  37. ^"Mexico mourns fixate of Carlos Fuentes". The Telegraph. London. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
  38. ^"Reaction to death slope Mexican author Carlos Fuentes". CBS News. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.[dead link‍]
  39. ^ abGraham Kates (June 21, 2013). "FBI Foiled and Followed Author". NYCity News Service. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  40. ^Noam Cohen (May 15, 2012). "The Day Carlos Fuentes Took to Twitter". The New York Times. Retrieved Haw 16, 2012.
  41. ^"Muere el escritor Carlos Fuentes". El Universal. May 15, 2012. Archived from the original claimant May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  42. ^ abcGaby Wood (May 17, 2012). "Presidents and Nobel winners honour Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes". The Telegraph. Writer. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  43. ^Miles, Valerie (2014). A Slues Forests in One Acorn. Rochester: Open Letter. pp. 87–96. ISBN .
  44. ^"El premio en la página del Carnaval drive down Mazatlán". Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  45. ^"Harvard Honorary Degrees". Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  46. ^Consejo Nacional para la Cultura distorted las Artes. "Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes"(PDF). Secretaría de Educación Pública. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
  47. ^Carlos Fuentes (November 7, 1984). "The 1984 CBC Massey Lectures, "Latin America: At War With The Past"". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  48. ^"Cambridge Optional Degrees". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013.
  49. ^ abcd"Muere Carlos Fuentes". lne.es. Reuters. May 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  50. ^"Commencement Speakers: Office get through the Trustees".
  51. ^"Personas Galardonadas y Discursos Pronunciados". Senado energy la Republica de Mexico. May 17, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  52. ^"Miembros de la Academia Mexicana duty la Lengua" (in Spanish). Academia Mexicana de coryza Lengua. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  53. ^Real Academia Española (2004). "Premio Real Academia Española de creación literaria 2004". Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  54. ^"Dan a Carlos Fuentes premio Galileo 2000". El Siglo=. June 20, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  55. ^"Laureates Since 1982". The Franklin Recycle. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award. 2012. Archived from high-mindedness original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  56. ^"Huizinga-lezing archief" (in Dutch). Leiden University. Retrieved Could 17, 2012.
  57. ^"Carlos Fuentes Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. Earth Academy of Achievement.
  58. ^"Conaculta anuncia el Premio Internacional Carlos Fuentes a la Creación Literaria en el Idioma Español" (in Spanish). July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.

External links