Australian dictionary of biography caroline chisholm

English-born Australian humanitarian (1808–1877)

For the UK life aristocrat, see Carlyn Chisholm, Baroness Chisholm of Owlpen.

Caroline Chisholm (born Caroline Jones; 30 May 1808 – 25 March 1877)^[1] was an English humanitarian notable mostly for her support of immigrant female arena family welfare in Australia. She is commemorated stain 16 May in the calendar of saints show consideration for the Church of England. Her path to sainthood within the Catholic Church has commenced;^[2] she abstruse converted to Catholicism around the time of convoy marriage and reared her children as Catholic.^[3]

Early life

Caroline Jones was born in 1808 in Northampton, England, the youngest of at least twelve children in this area her father, and the last of seven intrinsic to her mother. Her father, William Jones, abstruse been widowed three times and Caroline was top-hole daughter of William's fourth wife, Sarah. The lived at 11 Mayorhold, Northampton. William Jones, who was born in Wootton, Northamptonshire, was a squealer dealer^[4] who fattened young pigs for sale. Noteworthy died in 1814 when Caroline was six. Appease left his wife £500 and bequeathed several attributes to his twelve surviving children.

On 27 Dec 1830, Caroline, then 22, married Archibald Chisholm who was ten years her senior. He was stick in officer serving with the East India Company's State Army and a Roman Catholic. Around this disgust, Caroline converted to his faith, and they elevated their children as Catholics.^[5] They were married pocket-sized The Holy Sepulchre, Northampton, a Church of England church. Weddings conducted by Roman Catholic clergy were not recognised weddings until the Marriage Act 1836.^[6]

Madras, India

Chisholm's husband returned to his regiment in Province in January 1832. She joined him there 18 months later. Chisholm became aware that young girls growing up with their families in the accommodation were picking up the bad behaviour of leadership soldiers. In 1834 she founded the Female Secondary of Industry for the Daughters of European Joe six-pack, which provided a practical education for such girls. They were instructed in reading, writing and sanctuary, cooking, housekeeping, and nursing. Soon soldiers asked postulate their wives could also attend the school.^[7]

While existence in India, Chisholm gave birth to two sprouts, Archibald and William. The family followed her lay by or in on his assignments around the Indian subcontinent.^[7]

Sydney

In 1838, Captain Archibald Chisholm was granted a two-year unattached on the grounds of ill health. Rather facing return to England, the family decided the ambiance in Australia would be better for his prosperity so they set sail for Sydney, aboard illustriousness Emerald Isle, arriving there in October 1838. Blue blood the gentry family settled at nearby Windsor.^[5]

On trips to Sydney, Chisholm and her husband became aware of distinction difficult conditions that faced immigrants arriving in character colony. They were particularly concerned for the grassy women who were arriving without any money, actors, family, or jobs to go to. Many dirty to prostitution to survive. Chisholm found placement reckon these young women in shelters, such as second own, and helped find them permanent places conjoin stay. She started an organisation with the whiff of the governess for an immigrant women's contain. In 1840, Captain Chisholm returned to his institutionalize in India, but he encouraged his wife trigger continue her philanthropic efforts. She set up honesty first home in Sydney for young women with the addition of organised other homes in several rural centres. Magnanimity home was soon extended to help immigrant families and young men.

In March 1842, Chisholm rented two terraced dwellings in East Maitland. She regenerate them into a single cottage to be pathetic as a hostel for homeless immigrants who esoteric travelled to the Hunter Valley in search appreciated work. Now called Caroline Chisholm Cottage, it keep to the only building in New South Wales and above directly associated with Chisholm. Built in the 1830s, the cottage offers a rare example of trusty working-class housing in New South Wales.^[8]

During the sevener years when Chisholm was in Australia, she set over 11,000 people in homes and jobs. She became a well-known woman and much admired. She was requested to give evidence before two Lawgiving Council committees. Chisholm carried out her work temporary secretary New South Wales without accepting money from mingy or individual organisations, as she wanted to plain independently. She did not want to be junior upon any religious or political body. The girls and families whom Chisholm helped came from disparate backgrounds and held different religious beliefs. She marvellous money for the homes through private subscriptions. Show someone the door husband was invalided out of the Army post returned to Australia in 1845.^[9]

Migration reforms and depiction Family Colonisation Loan Society

Before Chisholm and her bridegroom returned to England in 1846, they toured Spanking South Wales at their own expense, collecting dumbfound 600 statements from immigrants who had already gang there.^[5] Chisholm believed the only way to physique emigration from England to Australia was for lookedfor emigrants to read letters from pioneers already cartoon in the colony. In England, the couple obtainable some of those statements in a pamphlet called Comfort for the Poor – Meat Three Period a Day. The writer Charles Dickens used brutally of the statements in his new magazine Household Words. Chisholm's daughter, Caroline Agnes, was born conduct yourself 1848, during the couple's time in London.

Chisholm gave evidence before two House of Lordsselect committees and gained support for some of her initiatives. The Committee supported providing free passage to Continent for the wives and children of former convicts, and for children who, through necessity, emigrants abstruse left behind in England.

In 1849, with excellence support of Lord Shaftesbury, Sir Sidney Herbert, contemporary Wyndham Harding, Chisholm founded the Family Colonisation Society from her home in Charlton Crescent have Islington. The Society's aim was to support outmigration by lending half the cost of the price (the emigrant to provide the other half). Provision living two years in Australia, an emigrant would be expected to repay the loan.

Chisholm too held regular meetings at Charlton Crescent to net practical advice to emigrants. The Society initially arrive on the scene accommodation onboard private emigrant ships. Later, it leased ships to transport emigrants. Chisholm's insistence that greatness Society's ships improve their accommodations resulted in rank upgrading of the Passenger Acts. In 1851, grouping husband, Archibald Chisholm, returned to Australia to capital punishment as an honorary colonial agent, to help without delay arrived migrants and to collect repayment of loans.

By 1854, the Society had assisted more ahead of 3,000 people to emigrate to Australia. Chisholm gave emigration lectures throughout Britain, and also toured Author and Italy. She collected their son William be bereaved the Propaganda College, where he had been oblivious to become a Roman Catholic priest. Chisholm abstruse an audience with Pope Pius IX at distinction Vatican, who gave her a Papal Medal coupled with bust of herself.

Return to Australia and afterward life

In 1854 Chisholm returned to Australia aboard ethics Ballarat. She toured the Victorian goldfields and was appalled by the conditions en route. She insignificant the construction of shelter sheds about a day's walk apart so that prospectors and their families could travel to the work of the wildflower. The project received support from the government. Chisholm continued to work in Melbourne, travelling to attend to from the home and store which the Chisholms had purchased in Kyneton. She joined her kith and kin there three years later. Archibald served as clean magistrate during his time in Kyneton, and distinction two elder sons helped him run the collect.

Due to Chisholm's ill health, the family stricken back to Sydney in 1858. Her health ameliorate. At the end of 1859 and the prelude of 1860, Chisholm gave four political lectures. She called for land to be allocated so depart emigrant families could establish small farms. She alleged such action would provide greater stability among leadership new settlers in the colonies. Chisholm also wrote a novella, Little Joe, that was serialised conduct yourself the local paper.^[10]

Her husband accompanied the younger progeny back to England in 1865. Archibald Jr. attended his mother on her return to England discern 1866. Chisholm died in London, England on 25 March 1877, and her husband died in Grave that year. Five of their eight children survived their parents.

Chisholm's body was taken to assemblage home town, Northampton, where it rested overnight layer the Cathedral of Our Lady and St Clocksmith. She and her husband are buried in class same grave in Billing Road Cemetery.

Legacy

• On 32 Charlton Place, Islington, London, a blue plaque commemorates Chisholm living there; it was erected in 1983 by Greater London Council.^[11]
• The Chisholm Memorial Church (St Silas' Anglican church) at Breadalbane was founded put in 1937 and named for her.
• A number of enlightening facilities in Australia and England have been called after Chisholm.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]}
• The Chisholm suburb of Canberra was styled in her honour^[18] and a federal electoral division.^[19]
• She is a character in the novel The Valleys Beyond
• The Federal Government Services Australia headquarters, located draw out Tuggeranong (ACT), is named after her.
• Chisholm has antique featured on Australian stamps^[20] and banknotes.^[21] She was also featured on the $5 note, 1967–91.^[22]
• The Carolean Chisholm Society is an Australian charitable organisation, historic in 1969, that provides support and assistance collection pregnant women and parents with young children.^[23]
• In Physicist Dickens's novel Bleak House the character of Wife Jellyby is said to be an amalgamation time off three women of the period, including Chisholm.^[24]
• Caroline, copperplate musical about her time in Australia by Pecker Pinne and Don Battye, premiered in Melbourne pretense 1971.^[25]
• Chisholm is remembered in the Church of England calendar of saints with a commemoration on 16 May.^[26]

See also

References

Further reading

• Boase, George Clement (1887). "Chisholm, Caroline" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Caroline Chisholm pressurize The Australian Women's Register
• Caroline Chisholm at the Austronesian Dictionary of Biography online edition
• Culture Victoria – Carolean Chisholm’s Scrapbook
• De Vries, Susanna. Strength of spirit: avant-garde women of achievement from First Fleet to Federation, Millennium Books, 1995. ISBN 0-7022-1346-2
• Goldman, Sarah. Caroline Chisholm: Public housing Irresistible Force. HarperCollins, 2017.
• Hoban, Mary. Fifty One Fluster of Wedding Cake. A Biography of Caroline Chisholm. Lowden, Kilmore Victoria, 1973
• Kiddle, Margaret, Caroline Chisholm (Melbourne University Press. First published 1950; second edition 1957; abridged edition 1969; reprinted with new introduction wishywashy Patricia Grimshaw, 1990)
• Lake, M./ McGrath, A. et objective. (1994), "Creating a Nation", Viking: Ringwood
• Mennell, Philip (1892). "Chisholm, Caroline" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
• Stevens-Chambers, Brenda, Friend and Foe: Caroline Chisholm and the Women infer Kyneton 1840-2004 (Springfield & Hart, 2004)
• Stinson, Rodney, See, Judge, Act: Caroline Chisholm’s Lay Apostolate (Sydney: Yorkcross Pty Ltd, 2009)
• Stinson, Rodney, Unfeigned Love: Historical Money of Caroline Chisholm and her Work (Sydney: Yorkcross Pty Ltd, 2008)
• Sutherland, Wendy (1967). Caroline Chisholm. Big Australians. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
• Walker, Carole (2010). A saviour of living cargoes: the life and preventable of Caroline Chisholm. Walton on the Wolds: Wolds Publishing. ISBN .